Image-based sexual abuse: Victim-perpetrator overlap and risk-related correlates of coerced sexting, non-consensual dissemination of intimate images, and cyberflashing
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The advent of technology has dramatically changed the way sexual violence is perpetrated and experienced. Understanding the context of image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) and risk factors associated with perpetration are key to effective prevention efforts. The present study explores three IBSA behaviours—coerced sexting, non-consensual dissemination of intimate images, and cyberflashing—to examine the degree of victim-perpetrator overlap and what risk factors from the extant sexual violence literature are relevant to each behaviour. Emerging adults (n = 541; 69% female, 31% male) were recruited from a local university in Nova Scotia and the broader community (not specific to Nova Scotia) and reported their perpetration and victimization experiences with the three forms of IBSA. Participants also completed measures relating to their offense-supportive attitudes, dark triad traits, sadism, sexual compulsivity, impulsivity, and substance use. Results indicated substantial victim-perpetrator overlap for non-consensual dissemination of intimate images and cyberflashing. Victim-perpetrators demonstrated a pattern of higher scores across all risk-related measures, the magnitude of which differed across IBSA behaviours. These findings suggest that the broader literature on sexual offending is relevant to understanding IBSA and fits with the wider literature that suggests overlap between victimization and perpetration.
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Reciprocal sexting might explain the victim-offender overlap: romantic partners come into possession of intimate images of one another, and when the relationship disintegrates, one partner might threaten to share the other's intimate images and they may retaliate in kind.
“Moreover, reciprocal sexting might further explain this overlap—as noted by Sparks et al. (2023) in relation to the nonconsensual sharing of intimate images—as romantic partners come into possession of intimate images of one another, when the relationship disintegrates, one partner might threaten to share the other’s intimate images, and they may retaliate in kind and threaten to do the same.”
From Sextortion: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Sparks et al. (2023)
Sparks et al. (2023) found 15.0% had engaged in cyberflashing (n = 908).
“Sparks et al. (2023) found that 15.0% had engaged in cyberflashing (sending an “unsolicited sexually explicit image or video”) (n = 908).”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Sparks et al. (2023)
Sparks et al. (2023) found 22.0% of respondents reported sexting coercion (n = 908).
“Finally, in the study by Sparks et al. (2023), a high number (22.0%) of respondents reported sexting coercion (but no breakdown of gender reported) (n = 908).”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Sparks et al. (2023)
Sparks et al. (2023) found all four Dark Tetrad traits showed significant positive relationship with nonconsensual dissemination behaviors.
“Sparks et al. (2023) found that all four Dark Tetrad traits showed a significant positive relationship with nonconsensual dissemination behaviors.”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Sparks et al. (2023)
In Sparks et al. (2023), victims of nonconsensual dissemination were nearly three times as likely to have perpetrated that behavior.
“In Sparks et al. (2023), victims of nonconsensual dissemination were nearly three times as likely to have perpetrated that behavior.”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Sparks et al. (2023)
Karasavva et al. (2023) and Sparks et al. (2023) found cyberflashing perpetrators had higher levels of psychopathic and narcissistic traits.
“Karasavva et al. (2023) and Sparks et al. (2023) found that cyberflashing perpetrators had higher levels of psychopathic and narcissistic traits.”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Sparks et al. (2023)
Sparks et al. (2023) found significant victim-perpetrator overlap between cyberflashing and nonconsensual dissemination of intimate images.
“Finally, in relation to other factors, Sparks et al. (2023) found a significant victim-perpetrator overlap between cyberflashing and the nonconsensual dissemination of intimate images.”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Sparks et al. (2023)
Sparks et al. (2023) found cyberflashing victims were roughly four times more likely to report being a perpetrator of cyberflashing.
“They also found that cyberflashing victims were roughly four times more likely to report being a perpetrator of cyberflashing.”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Sparks et al. (2023)
Reciprocal sexting is another explanation for the victim-offender overlap: intimate images are shared consensually by both partners in a romantic relationship, but at the end of the relationship, one person shares without consent, or threatens to share, which leads the other person to retaliate in kind.
“Reciprocal sexting is another explanation. For instance, intimate images are shared consensually by both partners in a romantic relationship, but at the end of the relationship, one person shares without consent, or threatens to share, which leads the other person to retaliate in kind (Sparks et al., 2023).”
From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Sparks et al., 2023
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“Moreover, reciprocal sex-ting might further explain this overlap—as noted by Sparks et al. (2023) in relation to the nonconsensual sharing of intimate images—as romantic partners come into possession of intimate images of one another, when the relationship disin-tegrates, one partner might threaten…”
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Sexualized deepfakes as a socio-technical continuation of gendered power
Mahr, D. (2026) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-026-03080-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Piper, C. M., & Dardis, C. M. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-01008-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Umbach, R., & Henry, N. (2025) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyaf033 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Quayle, E., Schwannauer, M., Varese, F., Allsopp, K., Cartwright, K. L., Chan, C., Chitsabesan, P., Green, V., Hewins, W., Larkin, A., et al. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106883 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Morelli, M., Rosati, F., Chirumbolo, A., Baiocco, R., Nappa, M. R., & Cattelino, E. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241303854 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kokkinos, C. M., Papioti, T.-A., & Voulgaridou, I. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe15080150 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aborisade, R. A. (2025) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/02697580251347296 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nygård, S., Nysæter, M. K., Ferreira, L. R., Frøyland, L. R., & Kvalem, I. L. (2025) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251375912 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Berlin, E., & Rollero, C. (2025) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012251409170 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Du, W., Jian, M., Shek, D. T. L., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-026-10578-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Association Between Sexting and Different Types of Sexual Violence: A Meta-Analysis
Favilli, M., López-Palanca, I., Fernández‐Felipe, I., & Esparza-Reig, J. (2026) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-026-03526-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Peran moral disengagement terhadap perilaku sexting pada remaja yang dimoderasi oleh jenis kelamin
Mulyani, I., Cahyanti, I., & Thamrin, W. P. (2024) · Jurnal Psikologi Sosial · doi:10.7454/jps.2024.14
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Buchanan, N., & Mahoney, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5251559
Cervantes, A., Jessen, G. M., Cooper, T. V., & Kirwan, M. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251339636 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Boys’ and Girls’ Experiences of Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence
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Non-Consensual Distribution of Intimate Images: The Influence of Perpetrator Motivation on Judgments
Whild, S., & Sparks, B. (2026) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/24732850.2026.2738759
Self-citationZhang, J., Wu, Y., & Shi, X. (2026) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2026.2678903
Development and validation of the technology-facilitated sexual violence myth acceptance scale
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Choi, K. W. Y., John Lok Hei, N. G., Pak, S. H. L., Bradbury‐Jones, C., CABIESES, B., Chau, P. H., & Choi, E. P. H. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101298
Unsolicited Communications Online
Keasley, R. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52643-5_112-1
- Authors
- Sparks, B., Stephens, S., & Trendell, S.
- Affiliations
- Kingston University London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sparks, Brandon
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-11
- Volume
- 148
- Pages
- 107879
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4384831596
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 20.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Repository (Kingston University London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- image-based sexual abuse, cyberflashing, emerging adults, dark triad traits, sadism, compulsive sexual behavior, impulsivity, substance use
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