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Cited by 92Gender, Feminism, and MediaGender, Sexuality, and EducationSexual Assault and Victimization Studies

‘Wanna trade?’: Cisheteronormative homosocial masculinity and the normalization of abuse in youth digital sexual image exchange

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Ringrose, Jessica, Regehr, Katilyn, Whitehead, Sophie·2022·Journal of Gender Studies
DOI 10.1080/09589236.2021.1947206
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Abstract

This paper draws upon a qualitative study with 144 young people in seven different research schools in England, exploring how cis-heteronormative homosocial masculinity practices shape digital sexual image exchange. We examine three types of practices: 1) boys asking girls for nudes (pressurized sexting, which we position as online sexual harassment); 2) transactional nude solicitation (boys sending dick pics and asking girls for nudes, which we position as image based sexual harassment and cyberflashing); 3) non-consensual sharing of girls and boys nude images (which we position as image based sexual abuse, showing the differential impacts with lasting sexual stigma worse for girls). Our findings confirm earlier research that demonstrated homosocial masculinity currency is gained via the non-consensual sharing of images of girls’ bodies. We also investigate the more recent rise of male nudes (dick pics) and how a homosocial culture of humour and lad banter tends to lessen the sexual stigmatization of leaked dick pics. We argue providing boys with time and space to reflect on homosocial masculinity performances is crucial for disrupting these practices and our conclusions outline new UK school guidance for tackling online sexual harassment, cyberflashing and image-based sexual abuse.

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  • IBSA is often a normalized practice of homosocial masculine bonding-"lad culture"-where leaked images of some men may be seen as humorous, and which may have less stigmatization and affect because of sexual double standards for women and non-binary people compared to men.

    “Finally, IBSA is often a normalized practice of homosocial masculine bonding—as part of what is commonly referred to as “lad culture”—where leaked images of (some) men may be seen as humorous, and which may have less stigmatization and affect precisely because of the sexual double standards that continue to exist for women and non-binary people compared to men (Ringrose et al., 2022).”

    From Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as Ringrose et al., 2022

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Authors
Ringrose, J., Regehr, K., & Whitehead, S.
Affiliations
  • University College London (GB)
  • University of Kent
  • King's College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Ringrose, Jessica
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Gender Studies
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2021-07-05
Volume
31
Issue
2
Pages
243-261
ISSN
  • 0958-9236 (ISSN-L)
  • 1465-3869
DOI
10.1080/09589236.2021.1947206
OpenAlex
W3188341412
Cited by
92
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 3
FWCI
16.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Gender Studies (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • University of Kent Impact Funds
  • University of Kent Impact Funding
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
Keywords
cisheteronormativity, sexting, cyberflashing, image-based sexual abuse, sexual stigma, online sexual harassment, school counseling, youth, gender norms

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