Cited by 105Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactEnvironmental Chemistry and Analysis

Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in US Ambient Surface Waters: A Review of Occurrence in Aquatic Environments and Comparison to Global Concentrations

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Jarvis, Amanda L., Justice, James R., Elias, Michael C., Schnitker, Brian, Gallagher, Kathryn·2021·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

Abstract

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is one of the dominant perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) detected in aquatic ecosystems. It has been used in a wide range of industrial and consumer products for decades. The unique properties of PFOS, including its stability and resistance to degradation, have made it highly persistent in the aquatic environment. Because of its persistence, potential toxicity, and occurrence in aquatic ecosystems, interest in PFOS has increased in recent decades. Despite this interest, current information on the environmental distribution of PFOS in ambient surface waters of the United States is fairly limited. This critical review summarizes the currently available literature on PFOS occurrence in surface waters across the United States and highlights existing data gaps. Available data are largely from a handful of study areas with known PFAS manufacturing or industrial uses, with much of the data collected from freshwater systems in eastern states and the upper Midwest. Measured PFOS concentrations in surface waters vary widely, over 8 orders of magnitude, with the highest concentrations occurring downstream from manufacturing and industrial use plants, areas near aqueous film-forming foam-use sites, and sites where PFOS precursors were used in textile treatment. Non-point source-related occurrences are highest near urbanized areas with high population densities. Current data illustrate the occurrence of PFOS in surface waters across multiple US states. Additional data are needed to better understand PFOS occurrence in US aquatic ecosystems, particularly in estuarine and marine systems and where monitoring data are not available (e.g., southwestern, central, and western United States). Additional PFOS occurrence data would provide valuable information on potential spatial and temporal variability in surface waters and possible risks posed to aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2425-2442. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

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  1. Cochran RS. 2015. Evaluation of perfluorinated compounds in sediment, water, and passive samplers collected from the Barksdale Air Force Base. MS thesis. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
  2. Houde M, De Silva AO, Muir DCG, Letcher RJ. 2011. Monitoring or per- fluorinated compounds in aquatic biota: An updated review. Environ Sci Technol 45:7962-7973.

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Authors
Jarvis, A. L., Justice, J. R., Elias, M. C., Schnitker, B., & Gallagher, K.
Affiliations
Environmental Protection Agency (US)
Corresponding author
Jarvis, Amanda L.
Venue
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Published
2021-06-29
Volume
40
Issue
9
Pages
2425-2442
ISSN
  • 0730-7268 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-8618
OpenAlex
W3173726691
Cited by
105
References
72
Citations by year
2026: 35 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 1
FWCI
0.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  • Office of Research and Development
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
Keywords
PFOS, PFAS, perfluorinated compounds, surface water contamination, United States, industrial pollution, aqueous film-forming foam, textile treatment, non-point source pollution, urban environment, data gaps, spatiotemporal variation
MeSH terms
Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Ecosystem

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