Lithium recovery from salt-lake brine: Impact of competing cations, pretreatment and preconcentration
Abstract
The global demand of lithium is rising steadily, and many industrially advanced countries may find it hard to secure an uninterrupted supply of lithium for meeting their manufacturing demands. Thus, innovative processes for lithium recovery from a wide range of natural reserves should be explored for meeting the future demands. In this study, a novel integrated approach was investigated by combining nanofiltration (NF), membrane distillation (MD) and precipitation processes for lithium recovery from salt-lake brines. Initially, the brine was filtered with an NF membrane for the separation of lithium ions (Li+) from competing ions such as Na+, K+, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+. The extent of permeation of metal ions by the NF membrane was governed by their hydrated ionic radii. Rejection by NF membrane was 42% for Li, 48% for Na and 61% for K, while both the divalent cations were effectively rejected (above 90%). Importantly, in the NF-permeate, Mg 2+/Li+ mass ratio reduced to less than 6 (suggested for lithium recovery). The result showed that MD can enrich lithium with a concentration of 2.5 for raw brine and 5 for NF-treated brine. Following the enrichment of NF-permeate by the MD membrane, a two-stage precipitation method was used for the recovery of lithium. X-ray diffraction confirmed the precipitation of lithium as well as the formation of lithium carbonate crystals.
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Lithium demand could rise to 40 times by 2050 as a result of a move toward more environmentally friendly extraction methods.
“Estimates suggest that demand could rise to 40 times by 2050 as a result of a move toward more environmentally friendly extraction methods [9,11].”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Pramanik, B. K., Asif, M. B., Roychand, R., Shu, L., Jegatheesan, V., Bhuiyan, M., & Hai, F. I.
- Affiliations
- RMIT University (AU)
- University of Wollongong (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Pramanik, Biplob Kumar
- ORCID
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 260
- Pages
- 127623
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3041307222
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Wollongong
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Membrane Separation Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques
- Keywords
- lithium recovery, salt lake brine, nanofiltration, membrane distillation, lithium carbonate precipitation, competing cations, ionic radius, lithium enrichment, pretreatment, preconcentration
- MeSH terms
- Cations, Divalent, Ions, Lithium, Salts, Sodium, Sodium Chloride, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Distillation, Lakes
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