The DOI matches its Crossref record; 146 of the 146 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A review on the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by the bioleaching approach
Open accessAbstract
This review discusses the latest trend in recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the technological world's critical metal demands. Spent LIBs are a secondary source of valuable metals such as Li (5%-7%), Ni (5%-10%), Co (5%-25%), Mn (5-11%), and non-metal graphite. Recycling is essential for the battery industry to extract valuable critical metals from secondary sources to develop new and novel high-tech LIBs for various applications such as eco-friendly technologies, renewable energy, emission-free electric vehicles, and energy-saving lightings. LIB waste is currently undergoing high-temperature pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical processes to recover valuable metals, and these processes have proven to be successful and feasible. These methods, however, are not preferable due to the difficulties in controlling the process, secondary waste produced, high operational cost, and high risk of scaling up. Biotechnological approaches can be promising alternatives to pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies in metal recovery from LIB waste. Microbiological metal dissolution or bioleaching has gained popularity for metal extraction from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials in recent years. This technology is eco-friendly, safe to handle, and reduces operating costs and energy demands. The pre-treatment process (material preparation), microorganisms used in the bioleaching of LIBs, factors influencing the bioleaching process, methods of enhancing the leaching efficiency, regeneration of electrode materials, and future aspects have been discussed in detail.
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“This method is potentially environmentally friendly, as it reduces the reliance on harsh chemical reagents. However, its efficiency and scalability remain subjects of ongoing research [239].”
From Pathways to Greener Primary Lithium Extraction for a Really Sustainable Energy Transition: Environmental Challenges and Pioneering Innovations (2024) · cites this paper as [239]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Roy, J. J., Cao, B., & Madhavi, S.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Roy, Joseph Jegan
- Cao, Bin
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-11
- Volume
- 282
- Pages
- 130944
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3164213697
- Cited by
- 346
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 10
- FWCI
- 4.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Singapore
- Government of Singapore Ministry of National Development
- National Environment Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Metal Extraction and Bioleaching
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
- Keywords
- spent lithium-ion batteries, battery recycling, bioleaching, critical metal recovery, lithium recovery, nickel recovery, cobalt recovery, manganese recovery, graphite recovery
- MeSH terms
- Electrodes, Lithium, Metals, Electric Power Supplies, Recycling
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