Cited by 346Extraction and Separation ProcessesMetal Extraction and BioleachingRecycling and Waste Management Techniques

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A review on the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by the bioleaching approach

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Roy, Joseph Jegan, Cao, Bin, Madhavi, Srinivasan·2021·Chemosphere

DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130944

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Abstract

This review discusses the latest trend in recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the technological world's critical metal demands. Spent LIBs are a secondary source of valuable metals such as Li (5%-7%), Ni (5%-10%), Co (5%-25%), Mn (5-11%), and non-metal graphite. Recycling is essential for the battery industry to extract valuable critical metals from secondary sources to develop new and novel high-tech LIBs for various applications such as eco-friendly technologies, renewable energy, emission-free electric vehicles, and energy-saving lightings. LIB waste is currently undergoing high-temperature pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical processes to recover valuable metals, and these processes have proven to be successful and feasible. These methods, however, are not preferable due to the difficulties in controlling the process, secondary waste produced, high operational cost, and high risk of scaling up. Biotechnological approaches can be promising alternatives to pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies in metal recovery from LIB waste. Microbiological metal dissolution or bioleaching has gained popularity for metal extraction from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials in recent years. This technology is eco-friendly, safe to handle, and reduces operating costs and energy demands. The pre-treatment process (material preparation), microorganisms used in the bioleaching of LIBs, factors influencing the bioleaching process, methods of enhancing the leaching efficiency, regeneration of electrode materials, and future aspects have been discussed in detail.

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Background
Environmental Sustainability and Supply Resilience of Cobalt
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Bio-metallurgical recovery of lithium, cobalt, and nickel from spent NMC lithium ion batteries: A comparative analysis of organic acid systems
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Comprehensive insights into the gallic acid assisted bioleaching process for spent LIBs: Relationships among bacterial functional genes, Co(III) reduction and metal dissolution behavior
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Base metals (Fe, Al, Ti) and rare earth elements (Ce, La, Pr) leaching from red mud through an efficient chemical-biological hybrid approach
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“…can be combined and enhanced with green approaches, such as the use of deep eutectic solvents for the leaching or electrodialysis treatment for the selective separation, to further develop the technique and to be more environmentally friendly (Lv et al., 2018; Roy et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMethod
The role of raw materials to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals: Tracing the risks and positive contributions of cobalt along the lithium‐ion battery supply chain
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Enhanced bioleaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using ultrasonic treatment
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Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Cathode Materials Using Compound Leaching Agents of Sulfuric Acid and Oxalic Acid
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The Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Effective Battery Life Cycle in the Closed Circular Economy Model—A Perspective
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Effects of incineration and pyrolysis on removal of organics and liberation of cathode active materials derived from spent ternary lithium-ion batteries
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A comprehensive review on the recovery of lithium from lithium-ion batteries and spodumene
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Feasibility of reduced iron species for promoting Li and Co recovery from spent LiCoO2 batteries using a mixed-culture bioleaching process
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Biotechnological strategies to recover value from waste
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Recovery of LiCoO2 and graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries by molten-salt electrolysis
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Material flow analysis on the critical resources from spent power lithium-ion batteries under the framework of China's recycling policies
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Advancements of lithium-ion battery Recycling: Transitioning from traditional methods to AI and machine learning techniques
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Cost modelling and key drivers in lithium-ion battery recycling
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Microrecycled Co3O4 from waste lithium-ion battery: Synthesis, characterisation and implication in environmental application
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A comprehensive investigation on the electrochemical performance, synthesis, modification, and recycling methods of LiFePO4 for sustainable future
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Current Situation and Development Prospects of Discharge Pretreatment during Recycling of Lithium‐ion Batteries: A Review
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Two-step leaching of spent lithium-ion batteries and effective regeneration of critical metals and graphitic carbon employing hexuronic acid
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Achieving Material and Energy Dual Circulations of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries via Triboelectric Nanogenerator
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The priority leaching of lithium from spent LiFePO4 cathode without the oxidization
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Gluconic Acid Leaching of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as an Environmentally Friendly Approach to Achieve High Leaching Efficiencies in the Recycling of NMC Active Material
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Authors: Roy, J. J., Cao, B., & Madhavi, S.
Affiliations: Nanyang Technological University (SG)
Corresponding author: Roy, Joseph Jegan
Cao, Bin
ORCID: Roy, Joseph Jegan
Cao, Bin
Venue: Chemosphere
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-11
Volume: 282
Pages: 130944
ISSN: 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130944
OpenAlex: W3164213697
Cited by: 346
References: 146
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 10
FWCI: 4.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Research Foundation of Singapore
Government of Singapore Ministry of National Development
National Environment Agency
Topics: Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Metal Extraction and Bioleaching
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
Keywords: spent lithium-ion batteries, battery recycling, bioleaching, critical metal recovery, lithium recovery, nickel recovery, cobalt recovery, manganese recovery, graphite recovery
MeSH terms: Electrodes, Lithium, Metals, Electric Power Supplies, Recycling

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A review on the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by the bioleaching approach

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