Cited by 346Extraction and Separation ProcessesMetal Extraction and BioleachingRecycling and Waste Management Techniques

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A review on the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by the bioleaching approach

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Roy, Joseph Jegan, Cao, Bin, Madhavi, Srinivasan·2021·Chemosphere

DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130944

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Abstract

This review discusses the latest trend in recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the technological world's critical metal demands. Spent LIBs are a secondary source of valuable metals such as Li (5%-7%), Ni (5%-10%), Co (5%-25%), Mn (5-11%), and non-metal graphite. Recycling is essential for the battery industry to extract valuable critical metals from secondary sources to develop new and novel high-tech LIBs for various applications such as eco-friendly technologies, renewable energy, emission-free electric vehicles, and energy-saving lightings. LIB waste is currently undergoing high-temperature pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical processes to recover valuable metals, and these processes have proven to be successful and feasible. These methods, however, are not preferable due to the difficulties in controlling the process, secondary waste produced, high operational cost, and high risk of scaling up. Biotechnological approaches can be promising alternatives to pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies in metal recovery from LIB waste. Microbiological metal dissolution or bioleaching has gained popularity for metal extraction from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials in recent years. This technology is eco-friendly, safe to handle, and reduces operating costs and energy demands. The pre-treatment process (material preparation), microorganisms used in the bioleaching of LIBs, factors influencing the bioleaching process, methods of enhancing the leaching efficiency, regeneration of electrode materials, and future aspects have been discussed in detail.

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Authors: Roy, J. J., Cao, B., & Madhavi, S.
Affiliations: Nanyang Technological University (SG)
Corresponding author: Roy, Joseph Jegan
Cao, Bin
ORCID: Roy, Joseph Jegan
Cao, Bin
Venue: Chemosphere
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-11
Volume: 282
Pages: 130944
ISSN: 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130944
OpenAlex: W3164213697
Cited by: 346
References: 146
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 10
FWCI: 4.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Research Foundation of Singapore
Government of Singapore Ministry of National Development
National Environment Agency
Topics: Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Metal Extraction and Bioleaching
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
Keywords: spent lithium-ion batteries, battery recycling, bioleaching, critical metal recovery, lithium recovery, nickel recovery, cobalt recovery, manganese recovery, graphite recovery
MeSH terms: Electrodes, Lithium, Metals, Electric Power Supplies, Recycling

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A review on the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by the bioleaching approach

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