Cited by 128Algal biology and biofuel productionMicrobial Metabolic Engineering and BioproductionGenetically Modified Organisms Research

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Fourth generation biofuel from genetically modified algal biomass: Challenges and future directions.

Shokravi, Hoofar, Shokravi, Zahra, Heidarrezaei, Mahshid, Ong, Hwai Chyuan, Rahimian Koloor, Seyed Saeid, Petrů, Michal, Lau, Woei Jye, Ismail, Ahmad Fauzi·2021·Chemosphere

DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131535

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Abstract

Genetic engineering applications in the field of biofuel are rapidly expanding due to their potential to boost biomass productivity while lowering its cost and enhancing its quality. Recently, fourth-generation biofuel (FGB), which is biofuel obtained from genetically modified (GM) algae biomass, has gained considerable attention from academic and industrial communities. However, replacing fossil resources with FGB is still beset with many challenges. Most notably, technical aspects of genetic modification operations need to be more fully articulated and elaborated. However, relatively little attention has been paid to GM algal biomass. There is a limited number of reviews on the progress and challenges faced in the algal genetics of FGB. Therefore, the present review aims to fill this gap in the literature by recapitulating the findings of recent studies and achievements on safe and efficient genetic manipulation in the production of FGB. Then, the essential issues and parameters related to genome editing in algal strains are highlighted. Finally, the main challenges to FGB pertaining to the diffusion risk and regulatory frameworks are addressed. This review concluded that the technical and biosafety aspects of FGB, as well as the complexity and diversity of the related regulations, legitimacy concerns, and health and environmental risks, are among the most important challenges that require a strong commitment at the national/international levels to reach a global consensus.

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Authors: Shokravi, H., Shokravi, Z., Heidarrezaei, M., Ong, H. C., Rahimian Koloor, S. S., Petrů, M., Lau, W. J., & Ismail, A. F.
Affiliations: University of Technology Malaysia (MY)
Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch (IR)
University of Technology Sydney (AU)
Technical University of Liberec (CZ)
Corresponding author: Ong, Hwai Chyuan
ORCID: Shokravi, Hoofar
Shokravi, Zahra
Heidarrezaei, Mahshid
Ong, Hwai Chyuan
Rahimian Koloor, Seyed Saeid
Petrů, Michal
Lau, Woei Jye
Ismail, Ahmad Fauzi
Venue: Chemosphere
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-12
Volume: 285
Pages: 131535
ISSN: 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131535
OpenAlex: W3181545766
Cited by: 127
References: 237
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 6
FWCI: 1.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Topics: Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetically Modified Organisms Research
Keywords: fourth-generation biofuels, genetically modified algae, algal biomass, genome editing, biosafety, risk assessment, biofuel regulation, environmental risk
MeSH terms: Genetic Engineering, Plants, Biomass, Biofuels, Microalgae

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Fourth generation biofuel from genetically modified algal biomass: Challenges and future directions.

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