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CRISPR Provides Acquired Resistance Against Viruses in Prokaryotes
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are a distinctive feature of the genomes of most Bacteria and Archaea and are thought to be involved in resistance to bacteriophages. We found that, after viral challenge, bacteria integrated new spacers derived from phage genomic sequences. Removal or addition of particular spacers modified the phage-resistance phenotype of the cell. Thus, CRISPR, together with associated cas genes, provided resistance against phages, and resistance specificity is determined by spacer-phage sequence similarity.
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In Streptococcus thermophilus, experimental evidence established CRISPR as a crucial element of the bacterial defence system against bacteriophage infection.
“In a landmark study, experimental evidence established CRISPR as a crucial element of the bacterial defence system against bacteriophage infection [7].”
From CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
Bacteria developed an adaptive defence system, CRISPR, to protect themselves against bacteriophages.
“In order to protect themselves from this kind of invader, bacteria developed an ingenious adaptive defence system, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR).”
From CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
Challenging a phage-sensitive wild-type S. thermophilus strain with two different virulent bacteriophages generated nine different phage-resistant S. thermophilus strains.
“To test this possibility, a phage-sensitive wild-type (WT) S. thermophilus strain was challenged with two different virulent bacteriophages. This resulted in the generation of nine different phage-resistant S. thermophilus strains”
From CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
Sequencing of spacer sequences of the CRISPR system in S. thermophilus revealed that these spacers were homologous to some bacteriophage and plasmid sequences.
“Sequencing of the spacer sequences of the CRISPR system revealed that these spacers were homologous to some bacteriophage and plasmid sequences, leading to the hypothesis that CRISPR was a defence mechanism of bacteria against foreign elements.”
From CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
The sequences of the new spacers in the phage-resistant S. thermophilus strains were similar to sequences within the genome of the phages used in the experiment.
“Additionally, the sequences of these new spacers were similar to sequences within the genome of the phages used in the experiment.”
From CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
With CRISPR, bacteria submitted to viral stress may integrate new spacers from phage genomic sequences that can lead to a diverse phage resistance phenotype.
“This confirmed the hypothesis that, with CRISPR, bacteria submitted to viral stress may integrate new spacers from phage genomic sequences that can lead to a diverse phage resistance phenotype of the bacteria.”
From CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
In the phage-resistant S. thermophilus strains, new spacers had been inserted next to those of the WT strain.
“further analysis of CRISPR loci in these mutant strains discovered that new spacers had been inserted next to those of the WT strain.”
From CRISPR-Cas: Converting A Bacterial Defence Mechanism into A State-of-the-Art Genetic Manipulation Tool (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
The first experimental information about the mechanism of action of the CRISPR system was obtained in 2007 by Barrangou and Horvath working with Streptococcus thermophilus.
“The first experimental information about the mechanism of action of the CRISPR system was obtained in 2007 in the studies of two French food scientists, Rodolphe Barrangou and Philippe Horvath, who worked with yoghurt cultures of bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus for the Danish company Danisco [16].”
From CRISPR–Cas9: A History of Its Discovery and Ethical Considerations of Its Use in Genome Editing (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
Addition of new spacers at the CRISPR locus in S. thermophilus caused acquired immunity to corresponding new types of bacteriophages.
“The addition of new spacers in this work caused acquired immunity to the corresponding new types of bacteriophages in S. thermophilus”
From CRISPR–Cas9: A History of Its Discovery and Ethical Considerations of Its Use in Genome Editing (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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- We thank L. Bayer C. Vos and A.-C. Coûté-Monvoisin of Danisco Innovation as well as J. Labonté and D. Tremblay of Université Laval for technical support and E. Bech Hansen for discussions and critical review of the manuscript. Also we thank T. R. Klaenhammer for providing the integration system. This work was supported by funding from Danisco A/S. Also S. M. would like to acknowledge support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Program. Sequences were deposited in GenBank accession numbers EF434458 to EF434504.
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Genetic engineering in organoids
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Characterization and Repurposing of Type I and Type II CRISPR–Cas Systems in Bacteria
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Current State of Therapeutics for HTLV-1
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“As has an exceptionally conserved genome, it is a HTLV-1 has an exceptionally conserved genome, it is a promising candidate for the sequence-specific and highly potent RNAi. promising candidate for the sequence-spe-ci fi c and highly potent RNAi.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Barrangou, R., Fremaux, C., Deveau, H., Richards, M., Boyaval, P., Moineau, S., Romero, D. A., & Horvath, P.
- Affiliations
- Danisco USA Inc., 3329 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53716, USA.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2007-03-23
- Volume
- 315
- Issue
- 5819
- Pages
- 1709-1712
- ISSN
- 0036-8075
- 1095-9203
- Cited by
- 5,947
- References
- 0
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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