Suicide attempts among men with histories of child sexual abuse: Examining abuse severity, mental health, and masculine norms
Abstract
Objective Men who were sexually abused during childhood are at risk for a variety of long-term mental health problems, including suicidality. However, little is known about which factors are related to recent suicide attempts for this vulnerable, under-researched population. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between abuse severity, mental health, masculine norms and recent suicide attempts among men with histories of child sexual abuse (CSA).Methods We analyzed survey data gathered from a purposive sample of 487 men who were sexually abused during childhood. The age of the sample ranged from 19 to 84 years (μ = 50.4 years). Recent suicide attempts served as the dependent variable in the study. Self-reported measures of sexual abuse severity, child physical abuse, mental health, masculine norms, and demographic information (age, race) represented the independent variables.Results The results from logistic regression modeling found that five variables - duration of the sexual abuse, use of force during the sexual abuse, high conformity to masculine norms, level of depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation - increased the odds of a suicide attempt in the past 12 months.Conclusion To improve mental health services for men with histories of CSA, mental health practitioners should incorporate sexual abuse severity, current mental health, and adherence to masculine norms into assessment and treatment planning.
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Masculine expectations strengthen self-blame and shame among men who were sexually abused as children.
“Gender norms therefore reinforce the tendency for male victims of CSA to blame themselves and feel ashamed of the abuse they suffered as children (Easton, et al., 2013).”
From The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors (2016) · cites this paper as Easton, et al., 2013
Some quantitative studies have found positive associations between adherence to masculine norms and suicidal thoughts and behaviours in males from the general population and from particular at-risk groups.
“Some quantitative studies have found positive associations between adherence to masculine norms and suicidal thoughts and behaviours in males from the general population [14,15,2] and from particular at-risk groups [16].”
From Masculinity and suicidal thinking (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Indeed, we make a number of recommendations, some of which reiterate those suggested by previous authors (Crete & Singh, 2015; Easton et al., 2013; Kia-Keating et al., 2005):”
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“, 2014; Wells, Vanderlind, Selby, & Beevers, 2014), anxiety (Molnar, Buka, & Kessler, 2001), phobic anxiety (Dias, Sales, Hessen, & Kleber, 2014), and suicide (Darke & Torok, 2013; Easton et al., 2013; Jakubczyk et al., 2014; Shinozaki et al., 2013).”
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“Among men in particular, CSA is associated with substance use, depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms and disorder, suicidality, and poor self-esteem (Easton, 2014; Easton et al., 2013; O’Leary, 2009).”
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Galvez-Sánchez, C. M., Camacho-Ruiz, J. A., Castelli, L., & Gras, R. M. L. (2024) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint6010002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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“For some, the impacts of ST are fatal, evidenced by elevated risk of suicide ideation, attempts, and deaths (Easton et al., 2013; Nicholas et al., 2022).”
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Self-citationConsequences of Child Abuse and Neglect
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“A 2013 study found that men who were abused as children and expressed high masculine norm conformity were at higher suicide risk (Easton et al., 2013).”
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“Furthermore, compared with other samples of male CSA survivors (Crete & Singh, 2015; Easton et al., 2013 ; Kia-Keating et al., 2005), the men in this study seemed more diverse with regard to existing discourses on alternative or inclusive masculinities (Anderson, 2009), and they related to various…”
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Sexual abuse and mental ill health in boys and men: what we do and don't know
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Self-citationThe association between childhood maltreatment and suicidal intrusions: A cross‐sectional study
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“…report a history of sexual abuse have been shown to be more vulnerable to repeated suicidal behavior (van Egmond et al., 1993), and men who report more frequent sexual abuse and whose experience involved the use of force have demonstrated a higher risk of attempting suicide (Easton et al., 2013).”
BackgroundA Hermeneutic Phenomenological Understanding of Men’s Healing From Childhood Maltreatment
Willis, D. G., Rhodes, A. M., Dionne-Odom, J. N., Lee, K., & Terreri, P. (2014) · Journal of Holistic Nursing · doi:10.1177/0898010114552706 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ryan, A. T., Daruwala, S. E., Perera, K. U., Lee‐Tauler, S. Y., Tucker, J., Grammer, G. G., Weaver, J. J., & Ghahramanlou‐Holloway, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082729 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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“…abuse experiences (Marriott et al., 2014) such as healing (Draucker et al., 2009), transformation (Easton et al., 2015; Hartley et al., 2016; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004), posttraumatic growth (Easton et al., 2013a) and being able to make a contribution to the lives of others (Grossman et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultGrigienė, D., Skruibis, P., Dadašev, S., Rimkevičienė, J., & Gailienė, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.863688 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Although some aspects of masculinity increase suicide risk (Houle et al., 2008; Galligan et al., 2010; Easton et al., 2013; Coleman, 2015; Pirkis et al., 2017; Genuchi, 2019; King et al., 2020; O’Beaglaoich et al., 2020) and male suicide prevention or therapeutic strategies targeted at these aspects are important, how…”
BackgroundCan Watching a Television Documentary Change the Way Men View Masculinity?
King, K., Schlichthorst, M., Keogh, L. A., Reifels, L., Spittal, M. J., Phelps, A. J., & Pirkis, J. (2018) · The Journal of Men s Studies · doi:10.1177/1060826518815909 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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“Explode into small pieces”: Suicidal ideation among child sexual abuse survivors
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Consequences and Sequelae of Violence and Victimization
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Self-citationSexual self-concepts among sexual minority men with childhood sexual abuse histories
Emetu, R. E., Brandt, A. S., & Forster, M. (2020) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2020.1838379 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…self-worth, intimacy, and life satisfaction (Boroughs et al., 2015; Klein, 2013; Seal et al., 2000), given that the impact of CSA are oftentimes associated with psychological instability (Easton et al., 2013; Godbout et al., 2019; Pereda et al., 2009; Price-Robertson, 2012; Turner et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialMadjlessi, J., & Loughnan, S. (2023) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02717-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…studies on the influence of gender norms on the psychological suffering of male victims, two related studies on male sexual victimization supported that psychological distress and suicide attempts were positively associated with conformity to masculine norms (Easton, 2014; Easton et al., 2013).”
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Nicholas, A., Requena, S. S., Ftanou, M., Rice, S., Fletcher, J. R., Mackinnon, A. J., Seidler, Z. E., Le, L. K., Mihalopoulos, C., & Pirkis, J. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06210-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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“Finally, given the relationship between traditional masculine norms and men’s identity (Easton et al., 2013; Godbout et al., 2019), therapists should address the clash between CSA experiences and traditional masculinity norms, fostering an environment where clients can explore questions surrounding…”
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“Males also experience more difficulties in disclosure of CSA such as fear of stigmatization as homosexual, given most perpetrators are often other males (Alaggia, 2010; Easton et al., 2013), and the need to adhere to culturally informed masculine roles (Easton, 2013).”
BackgroundGenuchi, M. C. (2023) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2023.2173114 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…gender and various health outcomes, including suicidality, is complex as these relationships can be further explained (i.e., mediated and/or moderated) by certain psychological processes or health behaviors (Easton, Renner, & O ’ Leary, 2013; Houle et al., 2008; Wong, Ho, Wang, & Miller, 2017).”
BackgroundMoorman, J., & Romano, E. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106402 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Poly-victimization: The Co-occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence with Other Forms of Aggression
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Seeking Support: The Voice of Young Men Who Have Experienced Sexual Harm During Their Life Course
Patterson, T., Hobbs, L., Treharne, G. J., Dixon, L., Keogh, A. C., & Beres, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241308297 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…to female survivors, of experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Burch & Zepeda, 2023; Easton, 2012), suicidal ideation or suicidality (Easton et al., 2013; Nicholas et al., 2022), sexuality issues (O’Leary et al., 2017), and maladaptive coping behaviors such as alcohol or substance…”
Masculinities and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Male Survivor Perceptions of Seeking Support: Hermeneutic Analysis of a Cluster Case Study
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Prevalencia y factores asociados del intento de suicidio en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud
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- Authors
- Easton, S. D., Renner, L. M., & O’Leary, P.
- Affiliations
- Boston College (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Griffith University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Easton, Scott D.
- Venue
- Child Abuse & Neglect
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 380-387
- ISSN
- 0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2035805382
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 10.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- John A. Hartford Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- suicide attempts, child sexual abuse, men, abuse severity, masculine norms, mental health, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, child physical abuse, abuse duration, gender norms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aggression, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Suicide, Attempted, Time Factors, Vulnerable Populations, Young Adult, Masculinity
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