Cited by 314Neural dynamics and brain functionNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesEEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces

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Theta EEG dynamics of the error-related negativity

Trujillo, Logan T., Allen, John J.B.·2007·Clinical Neurophysiology

DOI 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.11.009

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Abstract

Objective The error-related negativity (ERN) is a response-locked brain potential (ERP) occurring 80-100ms following response errors. This report contrasts three views of the genesis of the ERN, testing the classic view that time-locked phasic bursts give rise to the ERN against the view that the ERN arises from a pure phase-resetting of ongoing theta (4-7Hz) EEG activity and the view that the ERN is generated - at least in part - by a phase-resetting and amplitude enhancement of ongoing theta EEG activity. Methods Time-domain ERP analyses were augmented with time-frequency investigations of phase-locked and non-phase-locked spectral power, and inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) computed from individual EEG trials, examining time courses and scalp topographies. Simulations based on the assumptions of the classic, pure phase-resetting, and phase-resetting plus enhancement views, using parameters from each subject's empirical data, were used to contrast the time-frequency findings that could be expected if one or more of these hypotheses adequately modeled the data. Results Error responses produced larger amplitude activity than correct responses in time-domain ERPs immediately following responses, as expected. Time-frequency analyses revealed that significant error-related post-response increases in total spectral power (phase- and non-phase-locked), phase-locked power, and ITPC were primarily restricted to the theta range, with this effect located over midfrontocentral sites,…

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Deficit in rewarding mechanisms and prefrontal left/right cortical effect in vulnerability for internet addiction
Balconi, M., & Finocchiaro, R. (2016) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2016.9 · Cited by 27
Time-Frequency Delta Activity to Social Feedback Demonstrates Differential Associations With Depression and Social Anxiety Symptoms
Jin, J., Sabharwal, A., Infantolino, Z. P., Jarcho, J. M., & Nelson, B. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00189 · Cited by 24
“In experiments designed to elicit response errors, greater theta activity has been associated with error processing and conflict monitoring (Trujillo and Allen, 2007; Cavanagh et al., 2009; Cohen and Donner, 2013), and has been posited to be involved in increased cognitive control after committing…”
Electrocortical Evidence of Enhanced Performance Monitoring in Social Anxiety
Judah, M. R., Grant, D. M., Frosio, K. E., White, E. J., Taylor, D. L., & Mills, A. C. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.12.002 · Cited by 24
“…voltage of pooled Pz and Cz sites from 200-400ms. Based on baselines used in similar studies (Olvet & Hajcak, 2009; Mathewson, Dywan, & Segalowitz, 2005; Trujillo & Allen, 2007) and visual examination of the waveforms, a baseline of 600-300ms before response was selected for the ERN, CRN, and Pe.”
Method
Self-enhancement Influences Medial Frontal Cortex Alpha Power to Social Rejection Feedback
Leitner, J. B., Hehman, E., Jones, J. M., & Forbes, C. E. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00645 · Cited by 21
“However, ERPs are the global products of power bursts and phase resetting in multiple brain regions (Trujillo & Allen, 2007; Buzsaki, 2006), and two limitations of traditional ERP processing are that it does not localize the neural generators of the potential and it filters large swaths of…”
Background
Modulation of induced frontocentral theta (Fm-θ) event-related (de-)synchronisation dynamics following mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in Major Depressive Disorder
Schoenberg, P. L. A., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2014) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-014-9294-0 · Cited by 25
Causal Dynamics of Scalp Electroencephalography Oscillation During the Rubber Hand Illusion
Kanayama, N., Morandi, A., Hiraki, K., & Pavani, F. (2016) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-016-0519-x · Cited by 21
“Other EEG studies have reported frontal theta oscillations after 100 ms as an errorrelated response (Luu et al. 2004; Keil et al. 2010; Trujillo and Allen 2007) or conflict recognition (Botvinick et al. 1999, 2004; Cohen et al. 2000; Pastötter et al. 2010; van Steenbergen et al. 2012).”
Background
Abnormally enhanced midfrontal theta activity during response monitoring in youths with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Suzuki, T., Gu, P., Grove, T. B., Hammond, T., Collins, K. M., Pamidighantam, P., Arnold, P. D., Taylor, S. F., Liu, Y., Gehring, W. J., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.10.020 · Cited by 20
Error-related brain activity and internalizing disorder symptom dimensions in depression and anxiety
Gorka, S. M., Burkhouse, K. L., Afshar, K., & Phan, K. L. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22648 · Cited by 22
Dispositional Anxiety and Frontal‐Midline Theta: On the Modulatory Influence of Sex and Situational Threat
Osinsky, R., Karl, C., & Hewig, J. S. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12241 · Cited by 26
Discriminant brain connectivity patterns of performance monitoring at average and single-trial levels
Zhang, H., Chavarriaga, R., & Millán, J. D. R. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.012 · Cited by 23
“EEG activity after self-generated errors exhibits responselocked theta band modulations at the ACC (Luu, Flaisch, and Tucker, 2000; Trujillo and Allen, 2007; Cavanagh, Zambrano-Vazquez, and Allen, 2012).”
Background
Inter-individual variability of oscillatory responses to subject's own name. A single-subject analysis.
Höller, Y., Kronbichler, M., Bergmann, J., Crone, J., Schmid, E., Golaszewski, S., & Ladurner, G. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.03.012 · Cited by 20
A Diagnostic Biomarker for Pediatric Generalized Anxiety Disorder Using the Error-Related Negativity
Hanna, G. L., Liu, Y., Rough, H. E., Surapaneni, M., Hanna, B. S., Arnold, P. D., & Gehring, W. J. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01021-5 · Cited by 24
Theta and Alpha Band Modulations Reflect Error-Related Adjustments in the Auditory Condensation Task
Александрович, Н. Н., Bryzgalov, D. V., & Chernyshev, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00673 · Cited by 21
Reconciling the influence of task-set switching and motor inhibition processes on stop signal after-effects
Anguera, J. A., Lyman, K. A., Zanto, T. P., Bollinger, J., & Gazzaley, A. H. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00649 · Cited by 20
“As previously described, Verbruggen et al. (2008) reported RT differences associated with the directional congruency of the subsequent “GO” trial arrow direction between pSI/pFI and pGO trials.”
Background
Decision-making deficits associated with disrupted synchronization between basolateral amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex in rats after tooth loss
Xu, X., Cao, B., Wang, J., Yu, T., & Li, Y. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.002 · Cited by 16
Inferring driver's turning direction through detection of error related brain activity
Zhang, H., Chavarriaga, R., Gheorghe, L., & Millán, J. D. R. (2013) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2013.6609971 · Cited by 16
“ch reported event related potentials (ERP) when people execute error responses, which distributes in frontocentral and begins in adolescence and increases in early adulthood [5], reflecting coordinated theta band activities [6] [7].”
Background
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with increased engagement of frontal brain regions across multiple event-related potentials
Perera, M. P. N., Mallawaarachchi, S., Bailey, N. W., Murphy, O. W., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723000843 · Cited by 18
“This finding is in agreement with the notion that the ERN emerges, at least in part, from ongoing theta band activity (Cavanagh, Zambrano-Vazquez, & Allen, 2012; Trujillo & Allen, 2007), as both seem to be enhanced in OCD when compared to HCs.”
Result
Shared Response Inhibition Deficits but Distinct Error Processing Capacities Between Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients Revealed by Event-Related Potentials and Oscillations During a Stop Signal Task
Yu, F., Chen, X., Zhang, L., Bai, T., Gao, Y., Dong, Y., Luo, Y., Zhu, C., & Wang, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00853 · Cited by 17
“The theta-band activity also shows increased synchronization in error performance and is related to action strategy adjustment (11).”
BackgroundResult
Error-related brain activity in pediatric major depressive disorder: An ERP and time-frequency investigation
Dell’Acqua, C., Hajcak, G., Amir, N., Santopetro, N. J., Brush, C. J., & Meyer, A. M. (2023) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.01.005 · Cited by 18
A developmental examination of medial frontal theta dynamics and inhibitory control
van Noordt, S. J. R., Heffer, T., & Willoughby, T. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118765 · Cited by 24
Classification of Rhythmic Cortical Activity Elicited by Whole-Body Balance Perturbations Suggests the Cortical Representation of Direction-Specific Changes in Postural Stability
Solis-Escalante, T., de Kam, D., & Weerdesteyn, V. (2020) · IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2020.3028966 · Cited by 17
ERN, theta power, and risk for anxiety problems in preschoolers
Canen, M. J., & Brooker, R. J. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.003 · Cited by 19
Perceptual Salience and Reward Both Influence Feedback-Related Neural Activity Arising from Choice
Lou, B., Hsu, W.-Y., & Sajda, P. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1601-15.2015 · Cited by 14
“This is consistent with previous findings of enhanced theta power and phase locking following losses compared to wins (Cohen et al., 2007; Trujillo and Allen, 2007; Cavanagh et al., 2009; Lega et al., 2011).”
Result
Cortical EEG components that reflect inverse effectiveness during visuotactile integration processing
Kanayama, N., Kimura, K., & Hiraki, K. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.017 · Cited by 17
Error-related brain activity: A time-domain and time-frequency investigation in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder
Dell'Acqua, C., Hajcak, G., Amir, N., Santopetro, N. J., Brush, C. J., & Meyer, A. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14216 · Cited by 16
Neurophysiological basis of the N400 deflection, from Mismatch Negativity to Semantic Prediction Potentials and late positive components
Almeida, V. N. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.001 · Cited by 18
Atypical Mediofrontal Theta Oscillations Underlying Cognitive Control in Kindergarteners With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Buzzell, G., Thomas, H. R., Choi, Y. B., & Kim, S. H. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.416370 · Cited by 16
Learning something new versus changing your ways: Distinct effects on midfrontal oscillations and cardiac activity for learning and flexible adjustments
Kaiser, J., Belenya, R., Chung, W.-Y., Gentsch, A., & Schütz‐Bosbach, S. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117550 · Cited by 16
Theta/delta coupling across cortical laminae contributes to semantic cognition
Adams, N., Teige, C., Mollo, G., Karapanagiotidis, T., Cornelissen, P. L., Smallwood, J., Traub, R. D., Jefferies, E., & Whittington, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00686.2018 · Cited by 16
“Longer-range cortico-cortical interactions at theta frequency are also suggested to underlie error detection with reference to memory (Jacobs et al. 2006; Jensen and Tesche 2002), and in prefrontal, medial frontal, and parietal areas (Luu et al. 2004; Trujillo and Allen 2007; van Driel et al. 2012).”
Background
Posterior theta activity reveals an early signal of self-face recognition
Kotlewska, I., Panek, B., Nowicka, A., & Asanowicz, D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41071-y · Cited by 15
“This allowed to obtain an optimal tradeoff between temporal and frequency resolutions 96 .”
Method
Neural Underpinnings of Proactive and Preemptive Adjustments of Action Control
Asanowicz, D., Kotlewska, I., & Panek, B. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01884 · Cited by 21
“The wavelet cycles varied from 4 to 8 in logarithmically spaced steps to obtain an optimal trade-off between temporal and frequency precision (Trujillo & Allen, 2007).”
Background
Cortical Topography of Error-Related High-Frequency Potentials During Erroneous Control in a Continuous Control Brain–Computer Interface
Wilson, N. R., Sarma, D., Wander, J. D., Weaver, K. E., Ojemann, J. G., & Rao, R. P. N. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00502 · Cited by 17
“Although lower frequency activity is not as localized as high-gamma activity, some lower frequency bands have played an important role in ErrP investigations in EEG work (Trujillo and Allen, 2007; Atchley et al., 2017; Glazer et al., 2018).”
Background
Face-induced expectancies influence neural mechanisms of performance monitoring
Osinsky, R., Seeger, J., Mussel, P., & Hewig, J. S. (2015) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-015-0387-y · Cited by 17
Neurofeedback and its possible relevance for the treatment of Tourette syndrome
Farkas, A., Bluschke, A., Roessner, V., & Beste, C. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.012 · Cited by 14
K-th Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Entropy Estimates of Complexity and Integration from Ongoing and Stimulus-Evoked Electroencephalographic (EEG) Recordings of the Human Brain
Trujillo, L. T. (2019) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e21010061 · Cited by 13
“Spectral power and interelectrode synchronization of the induced and evoked EEG responses [10,33] were also computed”
MethodSelf-citation
Cortical Classification with Rhythm Entropy for Error Processing in Cocktail Party Environment Based on Scalp EEG Recording
Tian, Y., Xu, W. L., & Li, Y. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24535-4 · Cited by 12
Using spatiotemporal source separation to identify prominent features in multichannel data without sinusoidal filters
Cohen, M. X. (2017) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13727 · Cited by 22
Error monitoring functions in response to an external feedback when an explicit judgement is required
Balconi, M., & Scioli, S. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.11.005 · Cited by 12
“…activity of a response monitoring system that automatically tracks the coarse evaluation of ongoing events, leading to a simple distinction between the good vs. bad outcome or between the better vs. worse than expected outcome (Hajcak et al., 2006; Holroyd et al., 2004; Trujillo and Allen, 2007).”
Background
Theta oscillatory dynamics serving cognitive control index psychosocial distress in youth
Schantell, M. D., Taylor, B. K., Mansouri, A., Arif, Y., Coutant, A. T., Rice, D. L., Wang, Y., Calhoun, V. D., Stephen, J. M., & Wilson, T. W. (2023) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100599 · Cited by 14
“…Banich, 2005; Sammer et al., 2007), and increases in theta power are crucial for resolving cognitive conflict and errors in contexts of uncertainty (Cavanagh and Frank, 2014; Nigbur et al., 2011; Cohen and Donner, 2013; Hanslmayr et al., 2008; Trujillo and Allen, 2007; Cavanagh and Shackman, 2015).”
Background
Home-Based Individualized Alpha Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Improves Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Preliminary Evidence from a Randomized, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial
Perera, M. P. N., Bailey, N. W., Murphy, O. W., Mallawaarachchi, S., Sullivan, C. M., Hill, A. T., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2023) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2023/9958884 · Cited by 14
“There is some evidence that these ERPs are generated at least partly by oscillations in the theta frequency band [54].”
Combined EEG and immersive virtual reality unveil dopaminergic modulation of error monitoring in Parkinson’s Disease
Pezzetta, R., Özkan, D. G., Era, V., Tieri, G., Zabberoni, S., Taglieri, S., da Costa, A. L. C., Peppe, A., Caltagirone, C., & Aglioti, S. M. (2023) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-022-00441-5 · Cited by 19
Neurobiological Mechanisms of Metacognitive Therapy – An Experimental Paradigm
Winter, L., Alam, M., Heissler, H. E., Saryyeva, A., Milakara, D., Jin, X., Heitland, I., Schwabe, K., Krauss, J. K., & Kahl, K. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00660 · Cited by 13
“Further, error-related negativity in OCD is thought to be associated with excessive theta synchronization (Luu et al., 2004; Trujillo and Allen, 2007).”
Background
Pre-Stimulus Power but Not Phase Predicts Prefrontal Cortical Excitability in TMS-EEG
Poorganji, M., Zomorrodi, R., Zrenner, C., Bansal, A., Hawco, C., Hill, A., Hadas, I., Rajji, T., Chen, R., Zrenner, B., et al. (2023) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios13020220 · Cited by 11
“Increase in theta power is also associated with cognitive conflict [63,64] and error [65,66].”
Background
Brain Dynamics of Action Monitoring in Higher-Order Motor Control Disorders: The Case of Apraxia
Spinelli, G., Pezzetta, R., Canzano, L., Tidoni, E., & Aglioti, S. M. (2022) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0334-20.2021 · Cited by 11
“Notably, in humans, an increase of mid-frontal theta power underlies error execution (Trujillo and Allen, 2007; Hanslmayr et al., 2008; Cavanagh et al., 2009, 2012; Munneke et al., 2015) and error observation (Pavone et al., 2016; Pezzetta et al., 2018; Spinelli et al., 2018).”
Background
Exploring the Role of the Nucleus Accumbens in Adaptive Behavior Using Concurrent Intracranial and Extracranial Electrophysiological Recordings in Humans
Eijsker, N., van Wingen, G. A., Smolders, R., Smit, D. J. A., & Denys, D. A. J. P. (2020) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0105-20.2020 · Cited by 13
“The well-established feedback or error-related negativity, evoked by erroneous (motor) responses, has been found to arise from a combination of a power increase and partial phase synchronization of u oscillations (Luu et al., 2004; Trujillo and Allen, 2007).”
Background
The error-related negativity for error processing in interoception
Tan, Y., Vandeput, J., Qiu, J., den Bergh, O. V., & von Leupoldt, A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.037 · Cited by 12
“Previous research demonstrated that the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) with its rich interconnections with both frontal and limbic brain regions is the main generator of the ERN (Dehaene et al., 1994; Miltner et al., 2003; Reinhart and Woodman, 2014; Trujillo and Allen, 2007).”
Motor oscillations reveal new correlates of error processing in the human brain
Yordanova, J., Falkenstein, M., & Kolev, V. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56223-x · Cited by 10
“On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that medial theta power is composed of both phase-locked and non-phase-locked oscillations [20, 53, 43].”
Background
Local and network-level dysregulation of error processing is associated with binge drinking
Myers, A. B. A., Arienzo, D., Molnar, S. M., & Marinković, K. (2021) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102879 · Cited by 11
Outcome saliency modulates behavioral decision switching
Sun, S., Yu, R., & Wang, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71182-9 · Cited by 9
Dissociation of Medial Frontal β-Bursts and Executive Control
Errington, S. P., Woodman, G., & Schall, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.240606 · Cited by 10
“…Sajad et al., 2019) and complementing previous observations that error, conflict, and reward monitoring are typically associated with theta (4-8 Hz) band modulation (Luu et al., 2004; Trujillo and Allen, 2007; Cohen et al., 2008; Cavanagh et al., 2009; Nigbur et al., 2011; Amarante et al., 2017).”
Result
Neural representation of consciously seen and unseen information
Esteban, P. R.-S., González, J. A., & Chica, A. B. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-92490-y · Cited by 6
Time-frequency signatures evoked by single-pulse deep brain stimulation to the subcallosal cingulate
Smith, E. E., Choi, K. S., Veerakumar, A., Obatusin, M., Howell, B. L., Smith, A. H., Tiruvadi, V., Crowell, A. L., Riva‐Posse, P., Alagapan, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.939258 · Cited by 10
“These spectral features are evident across spatial scales and species (Narayanan et al., 2013; Cohen, 2014; Robble et al., 2021), and a summation of spectral features—especially evoked power and phase consistency—contributes to manifest ERPs (Penny et al., 2002; Luu et al., 2004; Shah et al., 2004; Fuentemilla et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Comparison of Wavelet and RID-Rihaczek Based Methods for Phase-Amplitude Coupling
Munia, T., & Aviyente, S. (2019) · IEEE Signal Processing Letters · doi:10.1109/lsp.2019.2952025 · Cited by 9
“It is hypothesized that large-scale functional integration across different frequency bands supports flexible behavior adaption to improve the performance after an error and thus results in an increase of PAC following error response [32].”
Background

Authors: Trujillo, L. T., & Allen, J. J. B.
Affiliations: University of Arizona (US)
Corresponding author: Trujillo, Logan T.
Allen, John J.B.
ORCID: Trujillo, Logan T.
Allen, John J.B.
Venue: Clinical Neurophysiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-03
Volume: 118
Issue: 3
Pages: 645-668
ISSN: 1388-2457 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.11.009
OpenAlex: W2147583576
Cited by: 314
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 4.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
Keywords: EEG, error-related negativity, theta oscillations, phase resetting, phase locking, inter-trial phase coherence, error processing, response errors, frontal midline theta, action regulation
MeSH terms: Computer Simulation, Contingent Negative Variation, Cortical Synchronization, Electroencephalography, Humans, Mathematics, Theta Rhythm

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Theta EEG dynamics of the error-related negativity

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