The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Safety limits of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in rats
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this rat study was to investigate the safety limits of extended transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). tDCS may be of therapeutic value in several neuro-psychiatric disorders. For its clinical applicability, however, more stable effects are required, which may be induced by intensified stimulations. METHODS Fifty-eight rats received single cathodal stimulations at 1-1000 microA for up to 270 min through an epicranial electrode (3.5 mm(2)). Histological evaluation (H&E) was performed 48 h later. A threshold estimate was calculated from volumes of DC-induced lesions. RESULTS Brain lesions occurred at a current density of 142.9 A/m(2) for durations greater than 10 min. For current densities between 142.9 and 285.7 A/m(2), lesion size increased linearly with charge density; with a calculated zero lesion size intercept of 52,400 C/m(2). Brains stimulated below either this current density or charge density threshold, including stimulations over 5 consecutive days, were morphologically intact. CONCLUSION The experimentally determined threshold estimate is two orders of magnitude higher than the charge density currently applied in humans (171-480 C/m(2)). In relation to transcranial DC stimulation in humans the rat epicranial electrode montage may provide for an additional safety margin. SIGNIFICANCE Although these results cannot be directly transferred to humans, they encourage the development intensified tDCS protocols. Further animal studies are required, before such protocols can be applied in humans.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x · Cited by 5,656
Self-citationSustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans
Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.10.1899 · Cited by 2,617
Self-citationGandiga, P. C., Hummel, F. C., & Cohen, L. G. (2006) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.12.003 · Cited by 1,474
Liebetanz, D. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf238 · Cited by 1,383
Self-citationEffects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke
Hummel, F. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh369 · Cited by 1,114
Bindman, L. J., Lippold, O. C. J., & Redfearn, J. W. T. (1964) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1964.sp007425 · Cited by 978
INTRACELLULAR ACTIVITIES AND EVOKED POTENTIAL CHANGES DURING POLARIZATION OF MOTOR CORTEX
Purpura, D. P., & McMurtry, J. G. (1965) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1965.28.1.166 · Cited by 870
Nitsche, M. A., Seeber, A., Frommann, K., Klein, C. C., Rochford, C., Nitsche, M. S., Fricke, K., Liebetanz, D., Lang, N., Antal, A., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.092429 · Cited by 744
Self-citationLevel of action of cathodal DC polarisation induced inhibition of the human motor cortex
Nitsche, M. A., Nitsche, M. S., Klein, C. C., Tergau, F., Rothwell, J. C., & Paulus, W. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(02)00412-1 · Cited by 736
Self-citationSafety criteria for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in humans
Nitsche, M. A., Liebetanz, D., Lang, N., Antal, A., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00235-9 · Cited by 697
Self-citation
Cited by
Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation
Stagg, C. J., & Nitsche, M. A. (2011) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858410386614 · Cited by 1,719
Self-citationBrunoni, A. R., Nitsche, M. A., Bolognini, N., Bikson, M., Wagner, T., Merabet, L., Edwards, D. J., Valero-Cabre, A., Rotenberg, A., Pascual-Leone, A., et al. (2012) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.03.002 · Cited by 1,445
Self-citationA technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools
Woods, A. J., Antal, A., Bikson, M., Boggio, P. S., Brunoni, A. R., Celnik, P., Cohen, L. G., Fregni, F., Herrmann, C. S., Kappenman, E. S., et al. (2016) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.012 · Cited by 1,439
Self-citationAntal, A., Alekseichuk, I., Bikson, M., Brockmöller, J., Brunoni, A. R., Chen, R., Cohen, L. G., Dowthwaite, G., Ellrich, J., Flöel, A., et al. (2017) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.001 · Cited by 1,301
Self-citationDatta, A., Bansal, V., Diaz, J., Patel, J., Reato, D., & Bikson, M. (2009) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2009.03.005 · Cited by 1,290
Metadata
- Authors
- Liebetanz, D., Koch, R., Mayenfels, S., König, F., Paulus, W., & Nitsche, M. A.
- Venue
- Clinical Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1161-1167
- ISSN
- 1388-2457 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2065300495
- Cited by
- 401
- References
- 40
- FWCI
- 11.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Safety limits of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in rats. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.01.022
- The paper
- Liebetanz, D., Koch, R., Mayenfels, S., König, F., Paulus, W., & Nitsche, M. A. (2009). Safety limits of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in rats. Clinical Neurophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.01.022
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
