Coil design considerations for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation
Open accessAbstract
Objectives To explore the field characteristics and design tradeoffs of coils for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS).Methods We simulated parametrically two dTMS coil designs on a spherical head model using the finite element method, and compare them with five commercial TMS coils, including two that are FDA approved for the treatment of depression (ferromagnetic-core figure-8 and H1 coil).Results Smaller coils have a focality advantage over larger coils; however, this advantage diminishes with increasing target depth. Smaller coils have the disadvantage of producing stronger field in the superficial cortex and requiring more energy. When the coil dimensions are large relative to the head size, the electric field decay in depth becomes linear, indicating that, at best, the electric field attenuation is directly proportional to the depth of the target. Ferromagnetic cores improve electrical efficiency for targeting superficial brain areas; however magnetic saturation reduces the effectiveness of the core for deeper targets, especially for highly focal coils. Distancing winding segments from the head, as in the H1 coil, increases the required stimulation energy.Conclusions Among standard commercial coils, the double cone coil offers high energy efficiency and balance between stimulated volume and superficial field strength. Direct TMS of targets at depths of ~4 cm or more results in superficial stimulation strength that exceeds the upper limit in current rTMS safety guidelines. Approaching depths of ~6 cm is almost certainly unsafe considering the excessive superficial stimulation strength and activated brain volume.Significance Coil design limitations and tradeoffs are important for rational and safe exploration of dTMS.
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H-coils generate deeper electromagnetic fields at the same motor threshold intensity.
“novel rTMS coils (H-coils) have been designed [115], which generate deeper electromagnetic fields at the same motor threshold intensity [116].”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [115]
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Magnetic field stimulation: the brain as a conductor
DAVEY, K. R. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0005 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Magnetic Nerve Stimulation: Field Focality and Depth of Penetration
Al-Mutawaly, N., de Bruin, H., & Findlay, R. D. (2001) · doi:10.21236/ada411028 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
P19.12 Pain relief by deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied with the H-coil
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Evoked motor response following deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in a cynomolgus monkey
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Magnetic nerve stimulation: field focality and depth of penetration
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Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy (SNT): A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Cole, E. J., Phillips, A. L., Bentzley, B. S., Stimpson, K. H., Nejad, R., Barmak, F., Veerapal, C., Khan, N., Cherian, K., Felber, E., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101429 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
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Self-citation<p>Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression: Challenges and Strategies</p>
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Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Shephard, E., Stern, E. R., van den Heuvel, O. A., Costa, D. L. C., Batistuzzo, M. C., Godoy, P. B. G., Lopes, A. C., Brunoni, A. R., Hoexter, M. Q., Shavitt, R. G., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-01007-8 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
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Changing Brain Networks Through Non-invasive Neuromodulation
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“…designs of non-invasive neuromodulation, studies have shown the possibility of targeting these deeper brain structures using, for example, double cone coil rTMS (Hayward et al., 2007; De Ridder et al., 2011; Deng et al., 2014; Kreuzer et al., 2015) or high definition tDCS (DaSilva et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDeep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS)—Beyond depression
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Di Passa, A.-M., Dabir, M., Fein, A., Khoshroo, S., McIntyre-Wood, C., Marsden, E., MacKillop, E., De Jesus, J., MacKillop, J., & Duarte, D. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/45213 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Deng, Z.-D., Lisanby, S. H., & Peterchev, A. V.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Peterchev, Angel V.
- Venue
- Clinical Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1202-1212
- ISSN
- 1388-2457 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4020988
- OpenAlex
- W1964194422
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 7.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institutes of Health
- Office of Science
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060884, U01MH084241, R01MH091083)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21NS078687)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- deep transcranial magnetic stimulation, coil design, magnetic field distribution, electric field attenuation, double-cone coil, magnetic saturation, focal stimulation, depression treatment, spherical head model
- MeSH terms
- Equipment Design, Equipment Safety, Humans, Models, Anatomic, Guidelines as Topic, Finite Element Analysis, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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