The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Diabetes and Insulin in Regulation of Brain Cholesterol Metabolism
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cholesterol accumulation in the brain, particularly in astrocytes, contributes to the pathological process of diabetes-associated cognitive impairment.
“Cholesterol accumulation in the brain, particularly in astrocytes, contributes to this pathological process.”
Neurons are capable of cholesterol biosynthesis.
“Nonetheless, neurons are capable of cholesterol biosynthesis30”
From GRAMD1B is a regulator of lipid homeostasis, autophagic flux and phosphorylated tau (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
Intracerebroventricular insulin injection into STZ diabetic mice at a dose that does not affect blood glucose levels normalizes the upregulated hypothalamic Angptl4 expression.
“Intracerebroventricular insulin injection into STZ mice at levels which have no effect on plasma glucose restores Angptl4 expression in hypothalamus.”
From Differential effects of angiopoietin-like 4 in brain and muscle on regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver
Horton, J. D., Goldstein, J. L., & Brown, M. S. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0215593 · Cited by 4,092
PSD-95 Involvement in Maturation of Excitatory Synapses
El-Husseini, A. E.-D., Schnell, E., Chetkovich, D. M., Nicoll, R. A., & Bredt, D. S. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1364 · Cited by 1,303
Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies
Cukierman, T., Gerstein, H. C., & Williamson, J. D. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4 · Cited by 1,049 · cited 3×
“…acute alterations in mental status due to poor metabolic control to greater rates of decline in cognitive function with age (Biessels et al., 2008; Cukierman et al., 2005), higher prevalence of depression (Ali et al., 2006), and an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease (Craft and Watson, 2004).”
Insulin and neurodegenerative disease: shared and specific mechanisms
Craft, S., & Stennis Watson, G. (2004) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00681-7 · Cited by 830
Self-citationLi, S., Brown, M. S., & Goldstein, J. L. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0914798107 · Cited by 733 · cited 1×
“In liver, SREBP effects on lipogenesis involve Akt, atypical protein kinase C, and mTORC1 activity (Li et al., 2010; Porstmann et al., 2008; Taniguchi et al., 2006).”
Tong, Q., Ye, C., McCrimmon, R. J., Dhillon, H., Choi, B., Kramer, M. D., Yu, J., Yang, Z., Christiansen, L. M., Lee, C. E., et al. (2007) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.04.001 · Cited by 413
Cholesterol 24-Hydroxylase: an enzyme of cholesterol turnover in the brain
Russell, D. W., Halford, R. W., Ramirez, D. M. O., Shah, R., & Kotti, T. (2009) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.072407.103859 · Cited by 317
Outsourcing in the brain: Do neurons depend on cholesterol delivery by astrocytes?
Pfrieger, F. W. (2003) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.10195 · Cited by 308
Pravastatin and cognitive function in the elderly. Results of the PROSPER study
Trompet, S., Vliet, P., Craen, A. J. M., Jolles, J., Buckley, B. M., Murphy, M. B., Ford, I., Macfarlane, P. W., Sattar, N., Packard, C. J., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5271-7 · Cited by 291
Uchida, T., Nakamura, T., Hashimoto, N., Matsuda, T., Kotani, K., Sakaue, H., Kido, Y., Hayashi, Y., Nakayama, K. I., White, M. F., et al. (2005) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1187 · Cited by 218
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 48
- Ali, 2006, The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabet. Med., 23, 1165, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01943.x · DOI
- Arito, 2008, Growth factor-induced phosphorylation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins inhibits sumoylation, thereby stimulating the expression of their target genes, low density lipoprotein uptake, and lipid synthesis, J. Biol. Chem., 283, 15224, 10.1074/jbc.M800910200 · DOI · Paper page
- Avruch, 2009, Amino acid regulation of TOR complex 1, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 296, E592, 10.1152/ajpendo.90645.2008 · DOI
- Bach, 2009, Prion-induced activation of cholesterogenic gene expression by Srebp2 in neuronal cells, J. Biol. Chem., 284, 31260, 10.1074/jbc.M109.004382 · DOI
- Banks, 1997, Transport of insulin across the blood-brain barrier: saturability at euglycemic doses of insulin, Peptides, 18, 1423, 10.1016/S0196-9781(97)00231-3 · DOI
- Barres, 2008, The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease, Neuron, 60, 430, 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.013 · DOI · Paper page
- Biessels, 2005, The impact of diabetes on cognition: what can be learned from rodent models?, Neurobiol. Aging, 26, 36, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.08.015 · DOI
- Biessels, 2008, Cognition and diabetes: a lifespan perspective, Lancet Neurol., 7, 184, 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70021-8 · DOI
- Björkhem, 2004, Brain cholesterol: long secret life behind a barrier, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 24, 806, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000120374.59826.1b · DOI · Paper page
- Borg, 1994, Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions in rats suppress counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, J. Clin. Invest., 93, 1677, 10.1172/JCI117150 · DOI
- Brüning, 2000, Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction, Science, 289, 2122, 10.1126/science.289.5487.2122 · DOI · Paper page
- Chamberlain, 2001, SNARE proteins are highly enriched in lipid rafts in PC12 cells: implications for the spatial control of exocytosis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 5619, 10.1073/pnas.091502398 · DOI
- Chen, 2009, Amyloid-beta interrupts the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway that could be involved in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced Arc expression in rat cortical neurons, J. Neurosci. Res., 87, 2297, 10.1002/jnr.22057 · DOI
- Das, 2005, Electrophysiological and behavioral phenotype of insulin receptor defective mice, Physiol. Behav., 86, 287, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.024 · DOI
- Dietschy, 2001, Cholesterol metabolism in the brain, Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 12, 105, 10.1097/00041433-200104000-00003 · DOI · Paper page
- Dietschy, 2004, Thematic review series: brain Lipids. Cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system during early development and in the mature animal, J. Lipid Res., 45, 1375, 10.1194/jlr.R400004-JLR200 · DOI · Paper page
- Evans, 2009, Statin-associated adverse cognitive effects: survey results from 171 patients, Pharmacotherapy, 29, 800, 10.1592/phco.29.7.800 · DOI
- Francis, 2008, Intranasal insulin prevents cognitive decline, cerebral atrophy and white matter changes in murine type I diabetic encephalopathy, Brain, 131, 3311, 10.1093/brain/awn288 · DOI
- Hering, 2003, Lipid rafts in the maintenance of synapses, dendritic spines, and surface AMPA receptor stability, J. Neurosci., 23, 3262, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03262.2003 · DOI
- Kim, 2009, GSK-3 is a master regulator of neural progenitor homeostasis, Nat. Neurosci., 12, 1390, 10.1038/nn.2408 · DOI · Paper page
- Kolomiytseva, 2008, Membrane lipids and morphology of brain cortex synaptosomes isolated from hibernating Yakutian ground squirrel, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol., 151, 386, 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.08.001 · DOI
- Korade, 2008, Lipid rafts, cholesterol, and the brain, Neuropharmacology, 55, 1265, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.02.019 · DOI · Paper page
- Kotti, 2006, Brain cholesterol turnover required for geranylgeraniol production and learning in mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 3869, 10.1073/pnas.0600316103 · DOI
- Lang, 2001, SNAREs are concentrated in cholesterol-dependent clusters that define docking and fusion sites for exocytosis, EMBO J., 20, 2202, 10.1093/emboj/20.9.2202 · DOI
- Lucas, 2001, Decreased nuclear beta-catenin, tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration in GSK-3beta conditional transgenic mice, EMBO J., 20, 27, 10.1093/emboj/20.1.27 · DOI
- Marks, 2009, Awake intranasal insulin delivery modifies protein complexes and alters memory, anxiety, and olfactory behaviors, J. Neurosci., 29, 6734, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1350-09.2009 · DOI · Paper page
- Mauch, 2001, CNS synaptogenesis promoted by glia-derived cholesterol, Science, 294, 1354, 10.1126/science.294.5545.1354 · DOI · Paper page
- McDonald, 2007, Extraction and analysis of sterols in biological matrices by high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Methods Enzymol., 432, 145, 10.1016/S0076-6879(07)32006-5 · DOI
- Mitter, 2003, The synaptophysin/synaptobrevin interaction critically depends on the cholesterol content, J. Neurochem., 84, 35, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01258.x · DOI
- Obici, 2003, Minireview: nutrient sensing and the regulation of insulin action and energy balance, Endocrinology, 144, 5172, 10.1210/en.2003-0999 · DOI
- Okabe, 1999, Continual remodeling of postsynaptic density and its regulation by synaptic activity, Nat. Neurosci., 2, 804, 10.1038/12175 · DOI
- Porstmann, 2008, SREBP activity is regulated by mTORC1 and contributes to Akt-dependent cell growth, Cell Metab., 8, 224, 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.07.007 · DOI · Paper page
- Puglielli, 2003, Alzheimer's disease: the cholesterol connection, Nat. Neurosci., 6, 345, 10.1038/nn0403-345 · DOI · Paper page
- Reiss, 2004, Cholesterol in neurologic disorders of the elderly: stroke and Alzheimer's disease, Neurobiol. Aging, 25, 977, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.11.009 · DOI · Paper page
- Rohrbough, 2005, Lipid regulation of the synaptic vesicle cycle, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 6, 139, 10.1038/nrn1608 · DOI
- Rossetti, 1987, Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats, J. Clin. Invest., 79, 1510, 10.1172/JCI112981 · DOI
- Schubert, 2004, Role for neuronal insulin resistance in neurodegenerative diseases, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 3100, 10.1073/pnas.0308724101 · DOI
- Shobab, 2005, Cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease, Lancet Neurol., 4, 841, 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70248-9 · DOI
- Stefani, 2009, Cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease: unresolved questions, Curr. Alzheimer Res., 6, 15, 10.2174/156720509787313899 · DOI
- Suzuki, 2007, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates cholesterol metabolism for synapse development, J. Neurosci., 27, 6417, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0690-07.2007 · DOI
- Taniguchi, 2006, Divergent regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by phosphoinositide 3-kinase via Akt and PKClambda/zeta, Cell Metab., 3, 343, 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.04.005 · DOI
- Thiele, 2000, Cholesterol binds to synaptophysin and is required for biogenesis of synaptic vesicles, Nat. Cell Biol., 2, 42, 10.1038/71366 · DOI · Paper page
- Trudeau, 2004, Hippocampal synaptic plasticity and glutamate receptor regulation: influences of diabetes mellitus, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 490, 177, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.02.055 · DOI
- Tuccori, 2008, Statin-associated psychiatric adverse events: a case/non-case evaluation of an Italian database of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting, Drug Saf., 31, 1115, 10.2165/0002018-200831120-00007 · DOI
- Valenza, 2005, Dysfunction of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in Huntington's disease, J. Neurosci., 25, 9932, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3355-05.2005 · DOI · Paper page
- Xia, 2010, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents phencyclidine-induced apoptosis in developing brain by parallel activation of both the ERK and PI-3K/Akt pathways, Neuropharmacology, 58, 330, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.10.009 · DOI
- Xie, 2009, Down-regulation of hepatic HNF4alpha gene expression during hyperinsulinemia via SREBPs, Mol. Endocrinol., 23, 434, 10.1210/me.2007-0531 · DOI
- Xiong, 2005, Statins and cognition: what can we learn from existing randomized trials?, CNS Spectr., 10, 867, 10.1017/S1092852900019817 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The many faces of insulin-like peptide signalling in the brain
Fernandez, A. M., & Torres-Alemán, I. (2012) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3209 · Cited by 872
Loss of astrocyte cholesterol synthesis disrupts neuronal function and alters whole-body metabolism
Ferris, H. A., Perry, R. J., Moreira, G. V., Shulman, G. I., Horton, J. D., & Kahn, C. R. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1620506114 · Cited by 246
Self-citationLeptin regulation of Hsp60 impacts hypothalamic insulin signaling
Kleinridders, A., Lauritzen, H. P. M. M., Ussar, S., Christensen, J. H., Mori, M. A., Bross, P., & Kahn, C. R. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci67615 · Cited by 130
Self-citationEnhancer variants associated with Alzheimer’s disease affect gene expression via chromatin looping
Kikuchi, M., Hara, N., Hasegawa, M., Miyashita, A., Kuwano, R., Ikeuchi, T., & Nakaya, A. (2019) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-019-0574-8 · Cited by 74
“In addition, previous studies have shown that SREBF2 controls brain cholesterol synthesis and is involved in diabetes, which is associated with an increased risk of AD [61, 62], and that AD model mice overexpressing SREBF2 show Aβ accumulation and neurofibrillary tangle formation [63].”
BackgroundVienberg, S. G., Kleinridders, A., Suzuki, R., & Kahn, C. R. (2015) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2014.11.003 · Cited by 33
Self-citationGRAMD1B is a regulator of lipid homeostasis, autophagic flux and phosphorylated tau
Acosta Ingram, D., Turkes, E., Kim, T. Y., Vo, S., Sweeney, N., Bonte, M.-A., Rutherford, R., Julian, D. L., Pan, M., Marsh, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58585-w · Cited by 12
Niu, T., Wang, S., Zhang, H., Zhu, W., Liu, K., Zhou, X., Sun, R., Niu, D., & Yuan, Y. (2025) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-025-01534-w · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Suzuki, R., Lee, K., Jing, E., Biddinger, S. B., McDonald, J. G., Montine, T. J., Craft, S., & Kahn, C. R.
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 567-579
- ISSN
- 1550-4131
- PMC
- PMC3205997
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 10
- Language
- en
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 995 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (33210, 60937, DK31036)
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University (AG05136, GM069338, P30 DK036836)
- Uehara Memorial Foundation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review