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Diet and Feeding Pattern Affect the Diurnal Dynamics of the Gut Microbiome
Open accessAbstract
The gut microbiome and daily feeding/fasting cycle influence host metabolism and contribute to obesity and metabolic diseases. However, fundamental characteristics of this relationship between the feeding/fasting cycle and the gut microbiome are unknown. Our studies show that the gut microbiome is highly dynamic, exhibiting daily cyclical fluctuations in composition. Diet-induced obesity dampens the daily feeding/fasting rhythm and diminishes many of these cyclical fluctuations. Time-restricted feeding (TRF), in which feeding is consolidated to the nocturnal phase, partially restores these cyclical fluctuations. Furthermore, TRF, which protects against obesity and metabolic diseases, affects bacteria shown to influence host metabolism. Cyclical changes in the gut microbiome from feeding/fasting rhythms contribute to the diversity of gut microflora and likely represent a mechanism by which the gut microbiome affects host metabolism. Thus, feeding pattern and time of harvest, in addition to diet, are important parameters when assessing the microbiome's contribution to host metabolism.
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In the citing paper
“Collectively, changes in the intestinal pH and nutrient and secondary metabolite availability are expected to play a role in host metabolism [79].”
In the citing paper
“Time-restricted feeding in mice [79] and repeated prolonged cycles of feeding and withholding food in dogs [80] have all been shown to cause a change in the overall gut microbiome that appears to be driven by changes in the abundance of species that differ by their preferred fermentable substrates (e.g., host-vs. diet-derived glycans).”
In the citing paper
“As meal timing and nutrient composition can influence the gut microbiota [30], these were kept constant across the two study conditions.”
From Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“There is currently some evidence in both mice and humans that the gut microbiota exhibits a circadian rhythm [28], [29], [30]”
From Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals (2016) · cites this paper as [30]
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Cites
2 retracted
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RetractedMillion, M., Angelakis, E., Maraninchi, M., Henry, M., Giorgi, R., Valero, R., Vialettes, B., & Raoult, D. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.20 · Cited by 362
Retractedvegan: Community Ecology Package
Oksanen, J., Simpson, G. L., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. R., O’Hara, R. B., Sólymos, P., Stevens, M. H. H., Szöcs, E., et al. (2001) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.vegan · Cited by 27,099
UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads
Edgar, R. C. (2013) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2604 · Cited by 16,770
An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Mahowald, M. A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E. R., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05414 · Cited by 12,444
Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., Ling, A. V., Devlin, A. S., Varma, Y., Fischbach, M. A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12820 · Cited by 10,100
A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins
Turnbaugh, P. J., Hamady, M., Yatsunenko, T., Cantarel, B. L., Duncan, A., Ley, R. E., Sogin, M. L., Jones, W. J., Roe, B. A., Affourtit, J. P., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07540 · Cited by 7,823
Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography
Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F. E., Manary, M. J., Trehan, I., Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Baldassano, R. N., Anokhin, A. P., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11053 · Cited by 7,815
Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes
Wu, G. D., Chen, J., Hoffmann, C., Bittinger, K., Chen, Y.-Y., Keilbaugh, S. A., Bewtra, M., Knights, D., Walters, W. A., Knight, R., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1208344 · Cited by 6,513
Obesity alters gut microbial ecology
Ley, R. E., Bäckhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504978102 · Cited by 6,176
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The microbiome and innate immunity
Thaiss, C. A., Zmora, N., Levy, M., & Elinav, E. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18847 · Cited by 2,012
You are what you eat: Diet, health and the gut microbiota
Zmora, N., Suez, J., & Elinav, E. (2019) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-018-0061-2 · Cited by 1,792
The two‐process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal
Borbély, A. A., Daan, S., Wirz‐Justice, A., & Deboer, T. (2016) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12371 · Cited by 1,577
Sutton, E. F., Beyl, R., Early, K. S., Cefalu, W. T., Ravussin, E., & Peterson, C. M. (2018) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010 · Cited by 1,531
Promoting Health and Longevity through Diet: From Model Organisms to Humans
Fontana, L., & Partridge, L. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.020 · Cited by 1,245
Metadata
- Authors
- Zarrinpar, A., Chaix, A., Yooseph, S., & Panda, S.
- Affiliations
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- J. Craig Venter Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Panda, Satchidananda
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1006-1017
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4255146
- OpenAlex
- W2016539998
- Cited by
- 926
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 30
- FWCI
- 15.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (KL2TR000099)
- National Eye Institute (P30EY019005)
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA014195)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P50GM085764)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R24DK080506, T32-DK07202, DK-097153, DK 091618, U24DK097153, R01DK091618, T32DK007202)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (KL2 TR00099)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, feeding-fasting cycle, time-restricted feeding, diet-induced obesity, diurnal cycle, microbiome dynamics, host metabolism, metabolic disorders, microbiome diversity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Obesity, Gastrointestinal Tract, Mice, Microbiota
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