The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis and Reduces Obesity and Insulin Resistance

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Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome

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Physiological Roles of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species

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Not So Different After All: A Comparison of Methods for Detecting Amino Acid Sites Under Selection

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AMPK in Health and Disease

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SIRT1 is required for AMPK activation and the beneficial effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial function

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Metformin improves healthspan and lifespan in mice

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Resveratrol delays age-related deterioration and mimics transcriptional aspects of dietary restriction without extending life span

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Metabolism of Inflammation Limited by AMPK and Pseudo-Starvation

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Mitochondrial-derived microproteins in lung disease: insights and implications

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Peptidome analysis reveals the involvement of endogenous peptides in mouse pancreatic dysfunction with aging

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A tale of two pathways: Regulation of proteostasis by UPRmt and MDPs

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Biochemistry and Protein Interactions of the CYREN Microprotein

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Equisetin inhibits adiposity through AMPK-dependent regulation of brown adipocyte differentiation

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The dairy-derived peptide Miltin exerts anti-obesity effects by increasing adipocyte thermogenesis

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Evaluation of vascular peroxidase 1, humanin, MOTS-c and miR-200c expression levels in untreated preeclampsia patients

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Mitochondrial Ca2+ levels lower down rate of metabolic diseases and cardiomyopathies

Upadhyay, R. K. (2018) · Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapeutics · doi:10.15406/jsrt.2018.04.00118 · Cited by 4

Effects of intracerebroventricular MOTS-c infusion on thyroid hormones and uncoupling proteins

Bahar, M. R., Tekin, S., Beytur, A., Etem, E. Ö., Özyalın, F., Çolak, C., & Sandal, S. (2023) · Biologia Futura · doi:10.1007/s42977-023-00163-6 · Cited by 4

Insights into the promising prospect of pharmacological approaches targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in major human diseases: At a glance

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Exogenous humanin and MOTS-c function as protective agents against gentamicin-induced hair cell damage

Waldmann, D., Lu, Y., Cortada, M., Bodmer, D., & Levano, S. (2023) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.033 · Cited by 4

Deciphering the metabolic secret of longevity through the analysis of metabolic response to stress on long-lived species

de Médina, P. (2018) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2018.10.019 · Cited by 4

Exercise and the Mitochondria

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Assay Development and Measurement of the Aging Biomarker Humanin

Miller, B., & Wan, J. (2020) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0592-9_18 · Cited by 4

Targeting mitochondrial mRNA translation to tackle obesity-induced insulin resistance: thumbs up for exercise

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D-sORF: Accurate Ab Initio Classification of Experimentally Detected Small Open Reading Frames (sORFs) Associated with Translational Machinery

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MDPAO1 peptide from human milk enhances brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and mitigates obesity

Gao, Y., Zhang, J., Cao, M., Zhang, Y.-T., Cao, M., Gu, W., & Wang, M. (2024) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2024.112443 · Cited by 3

Key Updates in the WADA 2025 Prohibited List: Implications for Competitive Sports

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Mitochondrial Microproteins: Emerging Regulators in Neurodevelopment and Neurodegeneration

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HNF1α -Q125ter-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired mitophagy in β-cells

Jiang, F., Huang, J., Chen, X., Zhang, X., & Chen, Y.-L. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-25-0033 · Cited by 4

Insights into the Biomarker Potential of Humanin and Mots-c Expression and Telomere Length in Alzheimer’s Disease

Rodríguez‐Esparragón, F., Cazorla-Rivero, S., Torrealba, E., Cánovas-Molina, Á., Hernández, A. N. G., Martín-Alfaro, R., Afonso-Medina, M. P., de Saavedra-Álvarez, M. T. M., Pérez-Santana, C. G., Bartolomé, C., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262210866 · Cited by 3

Reduced serum and skeletal muscle MOTS c levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction

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Mitochondria-targeted nanotechnology in cardiovascular diseases: a review of recent advances

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Mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk: A central axis in Alzheimer’s disease

Samantaray, K., Sinha, A., Tomar, D., & Jadiya, P. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103150 · Cited by 3

Impaired Expression of Humanin during Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Blatkiewicz, M., Szyszka, M., Olechnowicz, A., Kamiński, K., Jopek, K., Komarowska, H., Tyczewska, M., Klimont, A., Wierzbicki, T., Karczewski, M., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25021038 · Cited by 3

MOTS-c Impact on Muscle Cell Differentiation and Metabolism Across Fiber Types

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Non‐canonical ORFs‐derived protein products in mitochondria: A multifaceted exploration of their functions in health and disease

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A mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c contributes to the protective effect against brain injury associated with LPS-induced sepsis by strengthening the blood-brain barrier’s ultrastructure

Bai, Y., Wu, H., Wang, X., Guo, Y., Gong, B., Dong, B., & Yu, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2025.2542883 · Cited by 3

SERUM MOTS-C LEVELS REMAIN UNCHANGED IN PATIENTS WITH PREECLAMPSIA

Tok, A., Özer, S., Kandilcik, O. F., & Baylan, F. A. (2022) · Ginekologia Polska · doi:10.5603/gp.a2022.0095 · Cited by 3

Stability Determination of Intact Humanin-G with Characterizations of Oxidation and Dimerization Patterns

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Microprotein Dysregulation in the Serum of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

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Humanin and Cardiovascular Diseases

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Mitochondrial haplogroup R offers protection against obesity in Kuwaiti and Qatari populations

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The Relationship Between MOTS-c K14Q Polymorphism and Sarcopenia, Blood Lipids, and Mental Health in Older Korean Adults

Kim, S. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12102384 · Cited by 3

Strangers in strange lands: mitochondrial proteins found at extra-mitochondrial locations

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Metabolic choreography of gene expression: nutrient transactions with the epigenome

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A Mighty Mitochondrial Microprotein: The Protective Role of MOTS-c in Acute Lung Injury

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Microproteins encoded by short open reading frames: Vital regulators in neurological diseases

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MOTS-c as a Potential Diagnostic-prognostic Biomarker for Myocardial Infarction

Çakmak, A., & Yazgan, B. (2025) · Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0118715257368076250324041741 · Cited by 2

MOTS-c modulates pancreatic islet function in rats and pigs in vitro

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Humanin variants aggregate to produce different fibril morphologies

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Identification of key genes associated with cellular aging and mitochondria in acute myocardial infarction

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Characterization of the Avian Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c and Its Potential Role as a Metabolic Regulator

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Mitochondrial Impairment in Unloaded Postural Muscle: Mechanisms Driving Loss of Muscle Function and Mass

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MOTS-c Protects Against Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury through the MAPK Signaling Pathway

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Resilience-based longevity medicine: A multiscale and dynamic integrative framework

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Altered mitochondrial functionality in metabolic disorders: insights from Drosophila studies

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From Anti-Aging Medicine to Precision Healthspan Pharmacology: Evidence Domains, Monitoring Requirements, and Practical Boundaries

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Diet restriction-induced mitochondrial signaling and healthy aging

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Protective and multi-organ effects of MOTS-c and other mitochondrial-derived peptides in the endocrine system

Kamiński, K., Szyszka, M., Blatkiewicz, M., & Ruciński, M. (2023) · Medical Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.2478/acb-2023-0017 · Cited by 2

The Relationship of Mitochondrial-derived Peptide (MOTS-c) and Brain Mitochondrial Carrier Protein 1 (BMCP1) Response in Sheep with Some Physiological Parameters

Bayraktar, B., Demir, N., & Aksakal, V. (2024) · Indian Journal of Animal Research · doi:10.18805/ijar.bf-1785 · Cited by 2

Temporal expression of mitochondrial life cycle markers during acute and chronic overload of rat plantaris muscles

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Microproteins Tracking: When Size Does Really Matter

Ryskina, A. M., Kudriaeva, A. A., & Belogurov, A. A. (2024) · Reviews and Advances in Chemistry · doi:10.1134/s2634827624600324 · Cited by 2

A Mini-review of Computational Approaches to Predict Functions and Findings of Novel Micro Peptides

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One amino acid drives the lipid droplet targeting sequence of a new noncoding RNA‐encoded protein to mitochondrion

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HMPA: a pioneering framework for the noncanonical peptidome from discovery to functional insights

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Comprehensive analysis of transcriptome and pathway interactions in periodontitis

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Experimental Verification and Evolutionary Origin of 5′-UTR Polyadenylation Sites in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Two microPeptides are translated from a KSHV polycistronic RNA in human cells by leaky scanning mechanism

Xu, L., & Yuan, Y. (2019) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.087 · Cited by 3

Noncoding RNAs regulate protein translation and disease occurrence

Wang, W., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Scientia Sinica Vitae · doi:10.1360/ssv-2023-0156 · Cited by 2

Keep in touch: a perspective on the mitochondrial social network and its implication in health and disease

Barabino, S. M. L., Lombardi, S., & Zilocchi, M. (2023) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-023-01710-9 · Cited by 2

Properties of Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides (Mdps), Type 2 Diabetes, and Relationship with Oxidative Stress

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Investigations of Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer in Neural Cells by Applied Single Molecule Genotyping

Rowe, M. R. (2020) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17145686.v1 · Cited by 2

Dietary effects of sclerocarya birrea caffra nut meal in growing-fattening male dorper sheep

Malebana, I. M. M. (2018) · Cited by 2

The Human Mitochondrial Genome Encodes for an Interferon-Responsive Host Defense PeptidePreprint

Rice, M. C., Kim, J., Imun, M., Jung, S., Park, C., Lai, R., Barr, C. R., Son, J., Tor, K., Kim, E., et al. (2023) · doi:10.7554/elife.87615.1 · Cited by 2

DodecaRNAs (doRNAs) are abundant in cow’s milk and differentially enriched in milk ultracentrifugation fractions

Benmoussa, A., Husseini, Z., Ho, J., Guellal, S., Lambert, M., Gilbert, C., & Provost, P. (2022) · ExRNA · doi:10.21037/exrna-22-6 · Cited by 1

Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with a low serum level of mitochondrial-derived peptide-MOTS-C

Özer, S., Baylan, F. A., & Tok, A. (2023) · Turkish Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1515/tjb-2022-0097 · Cited by 1

Distinguishing Functional Roles of Protein-Coding Vs. Non-Coding RNAs: The Possibility of Bifunctional RNAs

Saw, P. E., & Song, E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3041-7_14 · Cited by 1

Age-diet interactions significantly influence intratumoral gene expression, gut microbiome signature and tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer

Soni, S., Mittal, P., Lo, J. H., Yang, Y., Smbatyan, G., Lee, K., Wan, J., Kumagai, H., Yen, K., Mehta, H. H., et al. (2025) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1016/j.neo.2025.101245 · Cited by 1

Microproteins: novel multi-functional regulators in health and disease

He, J., Zhang, H., Liao, B., Xu, Q., Teoh, J. Y., Ng, C., Wu, D., Zeng, X.-T., Tan, C. S. H., & Hu, H. (2025) · Oral Science and Homeostatic Medicine · doi:10.26599/oshm.2025.9610036 · Cited by 1

Circulating Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S Ribosomal RNA Type‐c Is Higher in Acute Coronary Syndrome and Is a Prognostic Biomarker for Major Cardiac Events in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Case–Control Study

Cao, P., Wang, B., Zhang, N., Yang, J., Tong, Q., & Gong, Z. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.041905 · Cited by 1

MOTS-c attenuates cardiac dysfunction following high altitude exposure by promoting mitophagy

Feng, Z., Yuan, X., Lou, J., Li, H., Zhang, Z., Li, M., Zhu, Q., Cui, Y., Li, J., Gao, F., et al. (2026) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2026.01.064 · Cited by 1

The Association Between Serum MOTS-c Levels and Myocardial Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Cross-Sectional Study

Peng, L., Li, Y., Duan, X., Long, J., Ran, Q., Zeng, X., Liu, B., Wang, D., & Yang, J. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14040918 · Cited by 1

MOTS-c attenuates hyperoxia-induced neonatal cardiac injury by inhibiting oxeiptosis via maintaining the KEAP1-PGAM5 interaction

Li, S.-H., Chen, S.-Q., Lu, T., Wang, J.-H., Wang, J., Wu, Y.-X., Pang, Q., & Chen, D. (2026) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2026.124452 · Cited by 1

Microproteins at the Frontiers of Biology and Medicine

Rocha, A., & Saghatelian, A. (2026) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101323-122347 · Cited by 1

Micropeptides in Cancer and Immunity: Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Synthetic Biology Frontiers

Majzoub, R. E., Wehbe, R., Said, H. E., Fneish, A., Nasrallah, A., Rachidi, W., Fayyad‐Kazan, H., Badran, B., & Fayyad‐Kazan, M. (2026) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2026.150217 · Cited by 1

MOTS-c preserves mitochondrial subpopulation bioenergetics and genome integrity to attenuate cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury

Santhanam, S. S., Jayaraman, S., Rajesh, S. S., Iyer, V. N. H., & Kurian, G. A. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-12064-7 · Cited by 1

Protective Effects of Stem Cell-Derived Peptides in Preventing Autoimmune Diabetes in the Non-Diabetic Mouse Model

Lakey, J. R. T. (2022) · American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research · doi:10.34297/ajbsr.2022.16.002264 · Cited by 1

Sex-specific differences in mitochondrial function and its role in health disparities

Mishra, S., & Singh, K. K. (2023) · Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88534-8.00014-6 · Cited by 1

The Role of Mitokines in Diabetic Nephropathy

Yang, M., Chen, W., He, L., Wang, X., Liu, D., Xiao, L., & Sun, L. (2023) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0109298673255403230919061828 · Cited by 1

Macrophage-Expressed Micropeptide Smim30 Maintains Adipose Tissue Insulin Sensitivity and Safeguards Systemic Metabolic Homeostasis

Ma, Y., Shi, Y., Wu, K., Li, P., Gupta, N., Jiang, C., Sun, H., Ruan, X., Finley, T., Wu, J., et al. (2025) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db24-0721 · Cited by 1

Repeated Heat Stress Modulates the Levels of the Mitokines MOTS-C and FGF21 in Active Men during Calf Muscle Immobilization

Elhusseiny, R., Ihsan, M., Labidi, M., Alhammoud, M., Mtibaa, K., Nader, N., Nasir, N., Farooq, A., Papakostas, E., Olory, B. C. R., et al. (2025) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003825 · Cited by 1

Mitochondrial-derived gene expression in hibernation: tissue-specific responses in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel

Emser, S. V., & Millesi, E. (2025) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.240255 · Cited by 1

Advancements in understanding the role and mechanisms of mitochondria in diabetes: A comprehensive review

Ge, X., Ye, M., Fei, A., Zhang, Q., & Yuan, A. (2025) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2025.106875 · Cited by 1

Bioinformatic identification of putative intergenic small open-reading frames in the grapevine genome and their roles in responding to biotic and abiotic stress

Pei, M., LIU, H. J., Liu, H.-N., Ampomah‐Dwamena, C., Wei, T., Feng, R.-P., Shi, Q.-F., & Guo, D. (2025) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2025.114553 · Cited by 1

Systemic MOTS-c levels are increased in adults with obesity in association with metabolic dysregulation and remain unchanged after weight loss

Yoon, S.-H., Fei, Y., Zhu, X., Tang, H., Abdurakhimova, D. A., Krier, J. D., Eirin, A., Lerman, A., Cohen, P., & Lerman, L. O. (2025) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2025.100429 · Cited by 1

Small open reading frame-encoded peptides (SEPs) as hidden treasures: a review

Ren, X., Liu, Z., & Zhang, P. (2026) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2025.2603517 · Cited by 1

Mitochondrial-derived peptides (Humanin, MOTS-c, and SHLP2) protect pancreatic islet cells and delay the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice

Paul, T., Banerjee, O., Das, S., Maji, B. K., Goswami, S., & Mukherjee, S. (2026) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2026.100480 · Cited by 1

Aerobic exercise and MOTS-c attenuate diabetic myocardial fibrosis via inhibition of the THBS1/TGF-β signaling pathway

Li, Z., Wang, T., Fu, Y., Chen, F., & Li, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1732329 · Cited by 1

MOTS-c partially protects against skeletal muscle deterioration in C26 cachexia

Jamnick, N. A., Livingston, P. D., Gammon, C. J., Weinzierl, N. M., Novinger, L. J., & Bonetto, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1838178 · Cited by 1

Is the peptide craze backed by science? The promise behind the hype

Willyard, C. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-026-01816-x · Cited by 1

Nuclear‐Mitochondria Crosstalk in Senescent Adipose‐Derived Stem Cells

Zhang, Y., Du, Y., Ling, S., Wang, H., He, J., Li, J., Huo, K., Liu, B., Li, Q., Wei, J., et al. (2026) · Smart Medicine · doi:10.1002/smmd.70043 · Cited by 1

Variation of Mitochondrial DNA and elite athletic performance

Miyamoto‐Mikami, E., & Fuku, N. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816193-7.00006-3 · Cited by 1

Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Short Mitochondrial-produced Peptides for Anabolic Osteogenesis

Noreldin, A. E., Saadeldin, I. M., Khalifa, N. E., & Khafaga, A. F. (2022) · International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics · doi:10.1007/s10989-021-10353-2 · Cited by 1

LINC00116 Is a Novel Prognostic Biomarker of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer

Chen, S., Zhang, W., Yuan, D., Yu, W., Ye, X., & Ling, C. (2022) · Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers · doi:10.1089/gtmb.2022.0004 · Cited by 1

Mitochondrial-derived peptides as a novel intervention for obesity and cardiac diseases: bench evidence for potential bedside application

Kaorop, W., Maneechote, C., Kumfu, S., Chattipakorn, S. C., & Chattipakorn, N. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp-2022-208321 · Cited by 1

Advances in Stem Cell and Regenerative Therapies in Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases: Implications for Healthy Longevity

Lakey, J. R. T., Alexander, M., Chan, M. K. S., Nalapko, Y., Wong, M. B., & Cox, D. C. T. (2024) · International Journal of Translational Science · doi:10.13052/ijts2246-8765.2024.023 · Cited by 1

From whence it came: Mitochondrial mRNA leaves, a protein returns

Janssen, K. A., & Song, A. (2024) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2024.06.002 · Cited by 1

RNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of major diseases

Huang, D., Zhang, T., Jiang, X., Li, J., Yan, Z., Sun, R., Su, S., & Hong, W. (2024) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2024-0523 · Cited by 1

MOTS-c Functionally Prevents Metabolic Disorders

Gao, Y., Wei, X., Wei, P., Lu, H., Zhong, L., Tan, J., Liu, H., & Liu, Z. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13010125 · Cited by 30

MOTS-c: a novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolism

Lee, C., Kim, K. H., & Cohen, P. (2016) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.015 · Cited by 178

MitochondrialDerived Peptide MOTSc promotes hepatic fatty acid metabolism and regulation by metformin

Ramanjaneya, M. (2018) · Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference (ARC) · doi:10.5339/qfarc.2018.hbpd728

Novel Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Inhibits Adipogenesis through Down Regulation of Master Gene PPAR in Murine Adipocytes

Ramanjaneya, M., Jerobin, J., Bettahi, I., Sivaraman, S. K., El-Rayees, M., Mohamed‐Ali, V., Mohammad, R. M., Randeva, H. S., Abou‐Samra, A., & Hillhouse, E. W. (2016) · Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference (ARC) · doi:10.5339/qfarc.2016.hbpp1855 · Cited by 1

MOTS-c: A promising mitochondrial-derived peptide for therapeutic exploitation

Zheng, Y., Wei, Z., & Wang, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1120533 · Cited by 48