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Causes, Characteristics, and Consequences of Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight in Humans
Open accessAbstract
A BMI in the normal range associates with a decreased risk of cardiometabolic disease and all-cause mortality. However, not all subjects in this BMI range have this low risk. Compared to people who are of normal weight and metabolically healthy, subjects who are of normal weight but metabolically unhealthy (∼20% of the normal weight adult population) have a greater than 3-fold higher risk of all-cause mortality and/or cardiovascular events. Here we address to what extent major risk phenotypes determine metabolic health in lean compared to overweight and obese people and provide support for the existence of a lipodystrophy-like phenotype in the general population. Furthermore, we highlight the molecular mechanisms that induce this phenotype. Finally, we propose strategies as to how this knowledge could be implemented in the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic diseases in different stages of adiposity in routine clinical practice.
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“skeletal muscle insulin resistance, affecting most persons with obesity, contributes to reduced muscle mass and poor muscle quality-a phenomenon observed in sarcopenic obesity.18,19”
From Changes in lean body mass with glucagon‐like peptide ‐1‐based therapies and mitigation strategies (2024) · cites this paper as [18]
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“While obesity, or BMI > 30, is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and is acknowledged as a major public health concern linked to poor cardiovascular health (CVH) [2,3], the distribution pattern of excess adiposity, including ectopic fat deposition, may be a more reliable indicator of ca…”
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“However, when obesity progresses into metabolic unhealthy overweight/ obesity (MUOO) phenotype, a higher inflammatory state occurs and is associated with T2DM and cardiovascular diseases [20, 26].”
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“unhealthy status in normal-weight individuals is closely related with visceral obesity and fatty liver, and MU-NW phenotype may be characterized by impaired insulin resistance and low cardiorespiratory fitness [49].”
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MethodCancer Risk in Normal Weight Individuals with Metabolic Obesity: A Narrative Review
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“sistently demonstrated the link between NAFLD and cardiovascular organ damage.(1-24) Nevertheless, whether NAFLD is merely a marker of a worse”
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Szczerbiński, Ł., & Florez, J. C. (2023) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00232-2 · Cited by 42
Kanbay, M., Çopur, S., Siriopol, D., Yıldız, A., Berkkan, M., Tuttle, K., & Zoccali, C. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13878 · Cited by 27
Physiological and Lifestyle Traits of Metabolic Dysfunction in the Absence of Obesity
KLITGAARD, H., Kilbak, J. H., Nozawa, E. A., Seidel, A. V., & Magkos, F. (2020) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-020-01302-2 · Cited by 30
Potential role of anti-inflammatory HDL subclasses in metabolic unhealth/obesity
Tang, H., Xiang, Z., Li, L., Shao, X., Zhou, Q., You, X., Xiong, C., Ning, J., Chen, T., Deng, D., et al. (2021) · Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/21691401.2021.1961798 · Cited by 27
Cai, Y., Fang, L., Chen, F., Zhong, P., Zheng, X., Xing, H., Fan, R., Yuan, L., Peng, W., & Li, X. (2024) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2024.101052 · Cited by 31
“Recent researches have found that the prevalence of NAFLD in adults worldwide is about 25% [8], while this data reaches 40% e 60% in overweight and obese people [9,10].”
Song, B., Lu, C., Teng, D., Shan, Z., & Teng, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1158013 · Cited by 33
“Approximately 20% of the normal weight adult population is metabolically unhealthy, displaying an increased risk of obesity-related abnormalities such as reduced insulin sensitivity, elevated blood pressure, atherogenic lipids, and cardiovascular events (6, 7).”
BackgroundMir, F. A., Mall, R., Iskandarani, A., Ullah, E., Samra, T. A., Cyprian, F. S., Parray, A., Alkasem, M., Abdalhakam, I., Farooq, F., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.937089 · Cited by 27
“High liver fat content and predominantly abdominal adiposity were shown to be linked to the metabolically unhealthy obesity phenotype (obesity with metabolic syndrome or OBM), whereas subcutaneous adiposity is associated with the metabolic healthy obesity phenotype (9, 10).”
BackgroundCornejo-Pareja, I. M., Gómez‐Pérez, A. M., Fernández‐García, J. C., Millan, R. B. S., Luque, A. A., de Hollanda, A., Jiménez, A., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Munguía, L., Ortega, E., et al. (2020) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2770 · Cited by 27
Lee, E., Han, K., Kim, D. H., Park, Y., Kwon, H., Yoon, K., Kim, M., & Lee, S.-H. (2020) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01129-x · Cited by 26
Machann, J., Stefan, N., Wagner, R. J., Fritsche, A., Bell, J. D., Whitcher, B. J., Häring, H., Birkenfeld, A. L., Nikolaou, K., Schick, F., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072064 · Cited by 27
Self-citationCombined effects of lifestyle risk factors on fatty liver index
Nivukoski, U., Niemelä, M., Bloigu, A. H., Bloigu, R., Aalto, M., Laatikainen, T. K., & Niemelä, O. J. (2020) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-020-01270-7 · Cited by 24
Chashmniam, S., Hashemi‐Madani, N., Gh, B. F. N. M., Safari‐Alighiarloo, N., & Khamseh, M. E. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22038/ijbms.2019.37885.9004 · Cited by 26
“The result of a study indicated that in unhealthy normalweight subjects, metabolic risks such as elevated glucose, dyslipidemia, and hypertension are more strongly associated with a relatively low leg fat mass than with high subcutaneous abdominal fat mass, visceral obesity, or fatty liver (11).”
BackgroundWillmann, C., Heni, M., Linder, K., Wagner, R. J., Stefan, N., Machann, J., Schulze, M. B., Joost, H., Häring, H., & Fritsche, A. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy307 · Cited by 27
Self-citationKwon, S. S., & Lee, S. (2018) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-0752-0217 · Cited by 26
Zakerkish, M., Hoseinian, A., Alipour, M., & Payami, S. P. (2023) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-023-01372-9 · Cited by 27
“Previous research suggests the triple risk of CVD in this phenotype [14].”
BackgroundFeng, X.-J., Yang, Y.-Y., Xie, H., Zhuang, S.-Q., Fang, Y., Dai, Y., Jiang, P., Chen, H., Tang, H.-N., & Tang, L.-L. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.773220 · Cited by 25
“Additionally, there are people who are “unhealthy but normal weight,” that is, although being normal-weighted, they still developed metabolic disorders (9).”
BackgroundMetabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Better Predicts Incident Cardiovascular Disease
Jeong, S., Oh, Y. H., Choi, S., Chang, J., Kim, S. M., Son, J. S., Lee, G., Kim, W. K., & Park, S. M. (2021) · Gut and Liver · doi:10.5009/gnl210256 · Cited by 28
“6,7 Currently, ultrasound, vibration-controlled transient elastography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, and serum biomarker-based models with available data on the diagnostic and prognostic performances, such as fatty liver index (FLI), are recommended for the…”
Kim, S.-A., Lim, K., Lee, J., Kang, D., & Shin, S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049063 · Cited by 29
Exploiting the obesity-associated immune microenvironment for cancer therapeutics
Desharnais, L., Walsh, L. A., & Quail, D. F. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107923 · Cited by 31
Frey, S., Patouraux, S., Debs, T., Gugenheim, J., Anty, R., & Iannelli, A. (2020) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2020.07.009 · Cited by 30
Yoshida, K., Yokota, K., Kutsuwada, Y., Nakayama, K., Watanabe, K., Matsumoto, A., Miyashita, H., Khor, S., Tokunaga, K., Kawai, Y., et al. (2020) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1002/hep4.1529 · Cited by 26
“The MONW type has increased waist circumference and visceral adipose accumulation, which is the principal variance associated with NAFLD, probably through metabolic pathophysiology and insulin resistance.(17) We have thus speculated that MHNW-lean NAFLD may be caused by genetic burden instead of insulin”
BackgroundSamouda, H., Ruiz‐Castell, M., Karimi, M., Bocquet, V. G., Kuemmerle, A., Chioti, A., Dadoun, F., & Stranges, S. (2017) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2017.11.007 · Cited by 34
cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) modulates human hepatic stellate cell activation.
Franko, A., Kovářová, M., Feil, S., Feil, R., Wagner, R., Heni, M., Königsrainer, A., Ruoß, M., Nussler, A., Weigert, C., et al. (2018) · Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.001 · Cited by 24
Self-citationZhang, Y.-C., Lyu, Z., Ma, B., Li, L., Wang, W., Sheng, C., Dai, H., Huang, Y., Song, F.-F., Song, F., et al. (2022) · Hepatology International · doi:10.1007/s12072-022-10362-3 · Cited by 26
“Besides, lean metabolic dysregulation individuals may have greater liver damage and cardiovascular risk [30] due to more ectopic fat accumulation (primarily in the visceral distribution) [31].”
BackgroundRecent developments in lipodystrophy
Melvin, A., Stears, A. J., & Savage, D. B. (2019) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000613 · Cited by 25
“The significant overlap in metabolic complications and cardiometabolic risk between lipodystrophy and the metabolic syndrome has generated considerable interest into the possibility of a shared pathophysiology between the conditions [37].”
BackgroundHe, Q., Zheng, R., Song, W., Sun, X., & Lu, C. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16040 · Cited by 25
Normal-weight central obesity: implications for diabetes mellitus
Jin, X., Liu, J., Cao, Q., Lin, J., Wu, G., Liu, L., Jiang, S., Zhou, X., Li, Z., & Yang, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1239493 · Cited by 20
Fernández‐Verdejo, R., Moya-Osorio, J. L., Fuentes–López, E., & Galgani, J. E. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236451 · Cited by 22
COVID-19 infection and body weight: A deleterious liaison in a J-curve relationship
Manolis, A. S., Manolis, T. A., Manolis, T. A., Apostolaki, N. E., & Melita, H. (2021) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2021.10.006 · Cited by 31
“Thus, compared with individuals who are of normal weight and metabolically healthy, those who are of normal weight but metabolically unhealthy (~20% of the normal weight adult population) have a >3-fold elevated risk of all-cause mortality and/or CV events [119].”
Li, W., Wang, Y., He, F., Liu, Z., Dong, J., Zhang, Y., Li, T.-F., Liu, S.-Y., & Chen, E. (2021) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-022-01172-7 · Cited by 21
“The existence of a distinct fat distribution and lipodystrophy in these population may be account for the potential mechanism[41, 42].”
BackgroundAdipose Tissue in Health and Disease
Corona-Meraz, F.-I., Anda, J.-A. R.-D., Madrigal-Ruíz, P.-M., Diaz-Rubio, G. I., Castro-Albarrán, J., & Navarro-Hernández, R. E. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.90559 · Cited by 9
Physiopathologie des stéatoses hépatiques métaboliques
Anty, R., & Gual, P. (2019) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2019.09.051 · Cited by 25
Katsaros, I., Sotiropoulou, M. G., Vailas, M. G., Papachristou, F., Papakyriakopoulou, P., Grigoriou, M. E., Kostomitsopoulos, N. G., Giatromanolaki, A. N., Valsami, G. N., Tsaroucha, A. K., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16244282 · Cited by 24
Growth differentiation factor 15: Emerging role in liver diseases
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, S., Ke, Y., Ke, Y., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156727 · Cited by 23
Yuan, Y., Sun, W. Y., & Kong, X. (2022) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-022-00917-7 · Cited by 22
“Abnormal and ectopic fat distribution has been recognized as a prominent determinant of metabolic disorder [42, 43].”
BackgroundDuan, S., Ren, Z.-Y., Zheng, T., Peng, H., Niu, Z., Xia, H., Chen, J.-L., Zhou, Y.-C., Wang, R.-R., & Yao, S. (2022) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v28.i36.5364 · Cited by 23
Chen, T., Lin, W., Chiang, C., Shen, T., Huang, K., & Yang, K. (2021) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.15544 · Cited by 25
Zhao, E., Wang, R., Chen, Y., Xie, H., Gao, Y., Dong, B., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02742-z · Cited by 20
“The superior performance of TyHGB in lean individuals may reflect its ability to capture the lipodystrophy-like phenotype [50], which is characterized by impaired adipose tissue expandability and ectopic fat deposition despite normal BMI.”
Kim, B., Taniguchi, K., Isobe, T., & Oh, S. (2024) · Journal of Physiological Anthropology · doi:10.1186/s40101-024-00355-6 · Cited by 19
“Regarding NAFLD, Feng et al. and Ste-fan et al. showed that individuals who are MONW store more fat in their liver and are therefore more likely to have NAFLD [7, 8].”
Izumida, T., Nakamura, Y., & Ishikawa, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224802 · Cited by 23
“However, most epidemiologic and clinical studies did not determine both insulin resistance and inflammation, and the subjects were considered metabolically unhealthy when no less than 2 components of MetS were present [1,2,8,12].”
Metabolomic Characteristics of Fatty Pancreas
Jaghutriz, B. A., Wagner, R. J., Heni, M., Lehmann, R., Machann, J., Stefan, N., Häring, H., & Fritsche, A. (2019) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-0896-8671 · Cited by 21
Self-citationSilhouette images enable estimation of body fat distribution and associated cardiometabolic risk
Klarqvist, M. D. R., Agrawal, S., Diamant, N., Ellinor, P. T., Philippakis, A., Ng, K., Batra, P., & Khera, A. V. (2022) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00654-1 · Cited by 22
Tang, H., Xiao, F., Chen, Y., Zhuang, S.-Q., Yue, G., Wu, H., & Zhou, H. (2020) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2020/7903140 · Cited by 22
“However, metabolic disorders are not necessarily triggered when body mass index (BMI) reaches a level indicating overweight or obesity [7, 8].”
BackgroundAll-cause mortality in metabolically healthy individuals was not predicted by overweight and obesity
Tian, Q., Wang, A., Zuo, Y., Chen, S., Hou, H., Wang, W., Wu, S., & Wang, Y. (2020) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.136982 · Cited by 30
“Furthermore, MUH-NW is most strongly characterized by a low percentage of gluteofemoral and leg fat mass (40).”
Being Metabolically Healthy, the Most Responsible Factor for Vascular Health
Rhee, E. (2018) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2018.42.1.19 · Cited by 15
“After the release of this study, many studies were published regarding this concept [46,47].”
BackgroundMorsy, Y., Shafie, N. S., Mostafa, M., Ali, K. A., Afife, O. N., Zedan, S., Darwish, B. A., Nour, H. T., Ahmed, M. M., Ghaly, M. T., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-09328-w · Cited by 19
“Intestinibacter has been previously linked to metabolic dysfunction and inflammation, with some studies suggesting its association with reduced SCFA production and increased gut permeability, both of which are implicated in diabetes progression 27 .”
Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Insulin Resistance: A Review of Complex Interlinks
Barber, T. M., Kabisch, S., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., & Weickert, M. O. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13060757 · Cited by 22
“Accordingly, far from being a benign condition, hepatic steatosis is a harbinger of metabolic disorders (particularly in the lean population), mediated through changes in endocrine and paracrine functions to cause IR in key tissues implicated in glucose and lipid homeostasis [13,27].”
BackgroundWang, Y., Wang, J.-G., Liu, L., Yang, P., Deng, S.-W., Liu, X., Zhao, L., Wang, C.-F., & Li, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1137098 · Cited by 17
“Interestingly, compared to metabolically healthy normal weight subjects, these individuals more frequently have insulin resistance, NAFLD, visceral obesity and abnormalities in lipid storage (lower percentages of subcutaneous leg fat mass, which is the disparity of adipose tissue depot supposed to be protective of car…”
BackgroundYadav, U., Kumar, N., & Sarvottam, K. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-023-01221-5 · Cited by 22
Murlasits, Z., Kupai, K., & Kneffel, Z. (2022) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001458 · Cited by 22
The association between serum copper and obesity and all-cause mortality: the NHANES 2011–2016
Wu, H., Li, Q., Kaifang, Z., & Zhao, J. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-24432-4 · Cited by 16
“2008), while fat deposition in the android region is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (Stefan et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMagkos, F., Reeds, D. N., & Mittendorfer, B. (2022) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2022 · Cited by 20
Machann, J., Hasenbalg, M., Dienes, J., Wagner, R. J., Sandforth, A., Fritz, V., Birkenfeld, A. L., Nikolaou, K., Kullmann, S., Schick, F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.28084 · Cited by 19
“Even in normal weight subjects, fatty liver is a strong predictor for an unhealthy metabolism with increased risk for diabetes, cardiovascular events and mortality.(17) IHL have therefore become one of the most important biomarkers in metabolic research.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDetection of diabetes from whole-body MRI using deep learning
Dietz, B., Machann, J., Agrawal, V., Heni, M., Schwab, P., Dienes, J., Reichert, S., Birkenfeld, A. L., Häring, H., Schick, F., et al. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.146999 · Cited by 16
“There are individuals who remain metabolically healthy despite being obese (3), while others develop insulin resistance despite normal body weight (4).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDanielsson, O., Nissinen, M. J., Jula, A., Salomaa, V. V., Männistö, S., Lundqvist, A., Perola, M., & Åberg, F. O. (2021) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.15053 · Cited by 18
Kunzová, Š., Maugeri, A., Medina-Inojosa, J., Lopez-Jimenez, F., Vinciguerra, M., & Marques-Vidal, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00108 · Cited by 17
“Here, our objectives were: (1) to address to what extent obesity traits—especially BMI, waist circumference and body fat mass—determine metabolic health, and (2) to identify the socioeconomic and behavioral determinants associated with unhealthy metabolic profile in the overall population and stratified by BMI categor…”
BackgroundInfluentialHigh-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Metabolic Healthy Obesity (MHO)
Rasheed, A., Acharya, S., Shukla, S., Kumar, S., Yarappa, R., Gupte, Y., & Hulkoti, V. (2020) · Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences · doi:10.14260/jemds/2020/100 · Cited by 17
“MHO was defined as subjects with; BMI ≥25 Kg/m2 (as per BMI category for Asians) with less than 3 MS criteria as per revised NCEP ATP III guidelines.[9,11] In this study MHNO controls were defined as: BMI ≤25 Kg/m2 with less than 3 MS variables.”
Li, G., Li, Y., Han, L.-W., Wang, D., Zhang, Q., Xiao, X., Qi, L., Willi, S., Li, M., Mi, J., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-19-0755 · Cited by 17
Dávila‐Batista, V., Molina, A. J., Vilorio-Marqués, L., Luján‐Barroso, L., Teixeira, F. D. S., Olmedo‐Requena, R., de la Torre, J. A., García-Martinez, L., Álvarez‐Álvarez, L., Freisling, H., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1743-9 · Cited by 23
Seo, M.-W., & Kim, J. Y. (2023) · Obesity Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2023.02.001 · Cited by 16
Kim, N. H., Kim, K. J., Choi, J., & Kim, S. G. (2021) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154894 · Cited by 21
“For example, individuals with the sameBMI can showvarious phenotypes in termsof adipocyte biology, fat distribution, and body composition [22].”
Incidence of diabetes in South Asian young adults compared to Pima Indians
Narayan, K. M. V., Kondal, D., Kobes, S., Staimez, L. R., Mohan, D., Gujral, U. P., Patel, S. A., Anjana, R. M., Shivashankar, R., Ali, M. K., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001988 · Cited by 17
No Influence of Overweight/Obesity on Exercise Lipid Oxidation: A Systematic Review
Arad, A. D., Basile, A. J., Albu, J., & DiMenna, F. J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21051614 · Cited by 24
“For example, greater visceral and ectopic deposition and a lower percentage localized subcutaneously in the gluteofemoral region are patterns associated with IR and dyslipidemia [94,95].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Stefan, N., Schick, F., & Häring, H.-U.
- Affiliations
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Stefan, Norbert
- Häring, Hans-Ulrich
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-08
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 292-300
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2741982109
- Cited by
- 575
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 10
- FWCI
- 7.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KFO 114, STE 1096/1-3)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- metabolically unhealthy normal weight, metabolic health, cardiometabolic disease, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular risk, adiposity, risk phenotypes, molecular mechanisms, disease prevention, treatment options
- MeSH terms
- Female, Heart Diseases, Humans, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Risk Factors, Body Mass Index, Adiposity
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