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Molecular Mechanisms Linking Exercise to Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Open accessAbstract
The benefits of exercise training for cancer patients are becoming increasingly evident. Physical exercise has been shown to reduce cancer incidence and inhibit tumor growth. Here we provide the status of the current molecular understanding of the effect of exercise on cancer. We propose that exercise has a role in controlling cancer progression through a direct effect on tumor-intrinsic factors, interplay with whole-body exercise effects, alleviation of cancer-related adverse events, and improvement of anti-cancer treatment efficacy. These findings have wide-ranging societal implications, as this understanding may lead to changes in cancer treatment strategies.
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“In addition, myokines with anticancer effects have been recognized (41, 42).”
From Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the anti-inflammatory effects of physical training may mediate some of the protective effects of exercise on cancer development (41).”
From Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological studies suggest that physical activity in leisure time reduces the risk of at least 13 different cancer types (41, 42, 222, 223).”
From Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“A few mechanistic studies have demonstrated a potential role of other myokines, including Oncostatin M, irisin, and SPARC in the suppression of breast and colon cancer growth (41, 224-227).”
From Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
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da Fonseca, G. W. P., Farkaš, J., Dora, E., von Haehling, S., & Lainščak, M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21072321 · Cited by 122
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Saneja, A., Kumar, R., Arora, D., Kumar, S., Panda, A. K., & Jaglan, S. (2018) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2018.02.005 · Cited by 111
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Metabolic Signatures of Performance in Elite World Tour Professional Male Cyclists
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“Ultimately, the complementarity of this approach holds future promise for the personalization of training regimens for sports performance and exercise prescription to treat metabolic syndrome [46] and improve cancer survivorship [47, 48].”
Exercise mitigates age-related metabolic diseases by improving mitochondrial dysfunction
Jia, D., Tian, Z., & Wang, R. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102087 · Cited by 50
Modulating Metabolism to Improve Cancer‐Induced Muscle Wasting
Penna, F., Ballarò, R., Beltrà, M., Lucia, S. D., & Costelli, P. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/7153610 · Cited by 47
“This is the case, for example, of exercise, that was shown to prevent or at least delay tumor growth [112] .”
BackgroundCancer and Exercise: Warburg Hypothesis, Tumour Metabolism and High-Intensity Anaerobic Exercise
Hofmann, P. (2018) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports6010010 · Cited by 47
“However, emerging evidence indicates that exercise may also be directly linked to the control of tumour biology [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialMetcalfe, A. J., Koliamitra, C., Javelle, F., Bloch, W., & Zimmer, P. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.015 · Cited by 46
Emery, A., Moore, S. E., Turner, J. E., & Campbell, J. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.788113 · Cited by 49
Sheinboim, D., Parikh, S., Manich, P., Markus, I., Dahan, S., Parikh, R., Stubbs, E., Cohen, G., Zemser‐Werner, V., Bell, R. E., et al. (2022) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0237 · Cited by 44
“This suggests that exercise provides protection from tumor development; however, the mechanism underlying this preventative effect has yet to be elucidated (4, 5).”
BackgroundYang, L., Courneya, K. S., & Friedenreich, C. M. (2024) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-024-02748-x · Cited by 49
“Consequently, the focus has been on exercise intervention trials that have examined hypothesized biological pathways [16, 17] that could explain how physical activity reduces the risk of developing cancer.”
BackgroundLu, M., Sanderson, S. M., Zessin, A. S., Ashcraft, K. A., Jones, L. W., Dewhirst, M. W., Locasale, J. W., & Hsu, D. S. (2018) · Cancer & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s40170-018-0190-7 · Cited by 43
He, W. J., Li, P., Zhu, Y., Liu, M., Huang, X., & Qi, H. (2018) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c8nj05766d · Cited by 43
Yazdani, H. O., Kaltenmeier, C., Morder, K. M., Moon, J., Traczek, M., Loughran, P., Zamora, R., Yoram Vodovotz, B., Li, F., Wang, J. H., et al. (2020) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.31552 · Cited by 46
Role of SNHG16 in human cancer
Gong, C.-Y., Tang, R., Nan, W., Zhou, K., & Zhang, H. (2019) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2019.12.023 · Cited by 43
Irisin, an exercise myokine, potently suppresses tumor proliferation, invasion, and growth in glioma
Huang, C., Chang, Y., Lee, H., Wu, J., Huang, J., Chung, Y., Hsu, S.-T., Chow, L., Wei, K., & Huang, F. (2020) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202000573rr · Cited by 43
Martínez‐Gómez, D., Cabanas‐Sánchez, V., Yu, T., Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F., Ding, D., Lee, I.-M. M., & Ekelund, U. (2022) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104961 · Cited by 42
Natalucci, V., Marini, C. F., Flori, M., Pietropaolo, F., Lucertini, F., Annibalini, G., Vallorani, L., Sisti, D., Saltarelli, R., Villarini, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10122678 · Cited by 42
Morielli, A. R., Usmani, N., Boulé, N. G., Severin, D. M., Tankel, K., Joseph, K. J., Nijjar, T. S., Fairchild, A. M., & Courneya, K. S. (2021) · Clinical Colorectal Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2021.05.004 · Cited by 41
Muscle-Derived Cytokines Reduce Growth, Viability and Migratory Activity of Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Schwappacher, R., Dieterich, W., Reljic, D., Pilarsky, C. P., Mukhopadhyay, D., Chang, D. K.-F., Biankin, A. V., Siebler, J., Herrmann, H. J., Neurath, M. F., et al. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13153820 · Cited by 39
“For the well-characterised IL6, it is reported to increase exponentially during exercise and that the extent of the IL6 surge depends on the amount of activated skeletal muscle mass [79].”
BackgroundCardiorespiratory fitness and cancer in women: A prospective pilot study
Vainshelboim, B., Lima, R. M., & MYERS, J. N. (2019) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2019.02.001 · Cited by 38
The antitumor mechanisms of aerobic exercise: A review of recent preclinical studies
Jia, N., Zhou, Y., Dong, X., & Ding, M. (2021) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.4169 · Cited by 37
Chu, A., Lin, K., Croker, H., Kefyalew, S., Markozannes, G., Tsilidis, K., Park, Y., Krebs, J., Weijenberg, M., Baskin, M., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.01.014 · Cited by 42
“Physical activity may lower CRC risk by improving insulin regulation, reducing in fl ammation/growth factors, accelerating gastrointestinal transit, or enhancing amino acid metabolism [63,92,93].”
Pérez, A. M. L., Collado‐Mateo, D., Mayo, X., Liguori, G. A., Humphreys, L. J., Copeland, R. J., & Jiménez, A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94476-y · Cited by 42
Rodrigues, B., Encantado, J., Franco, S. F., Silva, M. N., & Carraça, E. V. (2024) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-024-01559-6 · Cited by 46
“Also, PA seems to reduce the risk of recurrence [4] and cardiovascular disease [17], reduce mortality from cancer and from any cause [8], and improve the effectiveness and tolerance to anticancer treatment [18].”
Kurgan, N., Noaman, N., Pergande, M. R., Cologna, S. M., Coorssen, J. R., & Klentrou, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00362 · Cited by 35
“, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), that occurs over a time-period of training (Hojman et al., 2018).”
BackgroundOptimal management of coronary artery disease in cancer patients
Han, X., Li, J., Khannanova, Z., & Li, Y. (2019) · Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cdtm.2019.12.007 · Cited by 39
“In addition, active physical exercise and a healthy diet can improve cellular immune function, maintain energy metabolism, and prevent tumorigenesis.(19) Compared to individuals that performed less exercise, the risk of esophageal cancer, liver cancer, and lung cancer was found to be respectively reduced by 42%, 27%,…”
BackgroundCancer catecholamine conundrum
Wackerhage, H., Christensen, J. F., Ilmer, M., von Luettichau, I., Renz, B. W., & Schönfelder, M. (2021) · Trends in cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2021.10.005 · Cited by 36
Herranz‐Gómez, A., Cuenca‐Martínez, F., Suso‐Martí, L., Varangot‐Reille, C., Calatayud, J., Blanco‐Díaz, M., & Casaña, J. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14223 · Cited by 39
Rodrigues, B., Carraça, E. V., Francisco, B. B., Nobre, I., Cortez‐Pinto, H., & Santos, I. (2023) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-023-01390-5 · Cited by 43
“PA has been consistently identified as an important adjunct therapy to be incorporated in cancer care [4], given that it optimizes health outcomes [5–7], and reduces the risk of recurrence [4], mortality from cancer and any cause [5], and improves treatment’s effectiveness and tolerance [8].”
BackgroundOrange, S. T., Jordan, A., & Saxton, J. (2020) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14635 · Cited by 37
“…multiple times each week over an extended period, the exercise-induced serological factors have multiple opportunities to interact with dysplastic or cancerous cells, culminating in a more pronounced suppression of cellular growth (Dethlefsen, Pedersen, et al., 2017; Hojman et al., 2018).”
Adrenergic Signaling in Immunotherapy of Cancer: Friend or Foe?
Jensen, A. W. P., Simões, A. M. C., Straten, P. T., & Olofsson, G. H. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13030394 · Cited by 37
Metadata
- Authors
- Hojman, P., Gehl, J., Christensen, J. F., & Pedersen, B. K.
- Affiliations
- Herlev Hospital (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-21
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2765400080
- Cited by
- 600
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 25
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (DNRF55)
- Strategiske Forskningsråd (09-067009, 09-075724)
- TrygFonden
- Kræftens Bekæmpelse
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Keywords
- physical activity, cancer prevention, cancer therapy, tumor growth inhibition, tumor progression, tumor-intrinsic factors, exercise-induced metabolic changes, molecular mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immunity, Models, Biological, Neoplasms, Exercise, Carcinogenesis
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