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Inner speech slips exhibit lexical bias, but not the phonemic similarity effect
Open accessAbstract
Inner speech, that little voice that people often hear inside their heads while thinking, is a form of mental imagery. The properties of inner speech errors can be used to investigate the nature of inner speech, just as overt slips are informative about overt speech production. Overt slips tend to create words (lexical bias) and involve similar exchanging phonemes (phonemic similarity effect). We examined these effects in inner and overt speech via a tongue-twister recitation task. While lexical bias was present in both inner and overt speech errors, the phonemic similarity effect was evident only for overt errors, producing a significant overtness by similarity interaction. We propose that inner speech is impoverished at lower (featural) levels, but robust at higher (phonemic) levels.
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“However, other studies have reported evidence suggesting that inner speech has impoverished acoustic properties relative to overt speech (Oppenheim and Dell, 2008).”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Oppenheim and Dell, 2008
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“While in overt speech errors occurred reflecting both lexical bias (the tendency to produce a real word rather than a nonword), and phonemic similarity effects (such as substituting reef and leaf), in inner speech only the former were reported.”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Oppenheim and Dell (2008)
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“While the phonemic bias was not found, the total number of slips reported in inner speech remained comparable to the number that occurs in outer speech (p.534).”
From Inner Speech and Metacognition: In Search of a Connection (2014) · cites this paper as Oppenheim & Dell, 2008
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“They found that the lexical bias was replicated in inner speech, but not the phonetic bias, and concluded that such findings 'are contrary to the hypothesis that inner speech is the product of an articulatory/acoustic system with no contact with lexical information' (p.534).”
From Inner Speech and Metacognition: In Search of a Connection (2014) · cites this paper as Oppenheim & Dell, 2008
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Metadata
- Authors
- Oppenheim, G. M., & Dell, G. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Oppenheim, Gary M.
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 528-537
- ISSN
- 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2435259
- OpenAlex
- W2155686235
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC006948, R01DC000191, DC-00191, K23DC000191, F32DC000191, DC 006948)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-44458, R01HD044458)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
- Keywords
- inner speech, mental imagery, speech errors, lexical bias, phonological representation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Phonetics, Semantics, Speech, Thinking
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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