When pumpkin is closer to onion than to squash: the structure of the second language lexicon
Abstract
The current research investigated the organization of the second language mental lexicon. Twenty-seven English-Hebrew bilingual speakers (who spoke Hebrew as their second language) completed a semantic fluency task in each of their languages, and 24 native Hebrew speakers completed the task in Hebrew. Responses were compared within and across groups, using computational tools. The analyses indicated that the lexical network of the second language displayed greater local connectivity and less modular community structure than the network in the native language, both in the entire sample and in a sub-sample of bilinguals whose Hebrew vocabulary was matched to that of the native Hebrew speakers. These findings suggest that the lexical network of the second language is not as well-organized as is the network of the first language, even in highly proficient bilinguals. The structural characteristics of the second language lexicon might be affected by factors related to language learning history, including age of acquisition and language use.
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The finding that CSL learners do not reach the target language at P4 is consistent with Borodkin et al. (2016), who found that L2 lexical networks display greater local connectivity and less modular community structure than native language networks, even among proficient bilinguals.
“This is consistent with Borodkin et al. (2016) who found that L2 lexical networks display greater local connectivity and less modular community structure than the network in the native language, even among proficient bilinguals.”
From Syntactic Networks of Interlanguage Across L2 Modalities and Proficiency Levels (2021) · cites this paper as Borodkin et al. (2016)
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- Authors
- Borodkin, K., Kenett, Y. N., Faust, M., & Mashal, N.
- Affiliations
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Borodkin, Katy
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 156
- Pages
- 60-70
- ISSN
- 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2513814294
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 3.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- I-CORE Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee
- The Israel Science Foundation (51/11)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- second language vocabulary, lexical networks, semantic fluency, bilingualism, local connectivity, community structure, age of acquisition, language learning history, Hebrew language
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Semantics, Vocabulary, Multilingualism, Young Adult
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