The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A systematic review of research on online teaching and learning from 2009 to 2018
Open accessAbstract
Systematic reviews were conducted in the nineties and early 2000's on online learning research. However, there is no review examining the broader aspect of research themes in online learning in the last decade. This systematic review addresses this gap by examining 619 research articles on online learning published in twelve journals in the last decade. These studies were examined for publication trends and patterns, research themes, research methods, and research settings and compared with the research themes from the previous decades. While there has been a slight decrease in the number of studies on online learning in 2015 and 2016, it has then continued to increase in 2017 and 2018. The majority of the studies were quantitative in nature and were examined in higher education. Online learning research was categorized into twelve themes and a framework across learner, course and instructor, and organizational levels was developed. Online learner characteristics and online engagement were examined in a high number of studies and were consistent with three of the prior systematic reviews. However, there is still a need for more research on organization level topics such as leadership, policy, and management and access, culture, equity, inclusion, and ethics and also on online instructor characteristics.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Online teaching training is often considered part of institutional support, primarily emphasizing higher education and less on K-12 settings (Martin et al., 2020).”
From Transforming Online Teacher Training Through Expansive Learning: A Case Study Applying Cultural-Historical Activity Theory and the Change Laboratory Method (2025) · cites this paper as Martin et al., 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Teaching Courses Online: A Review of the Research
Tallent-Runnels, M. K., Thomas, J. A., Lan, W. Y., Cooper, S., Ahern, T. C., Shaw, S. M., & Liu, X. (2006) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543076001093 · Cited by 1,267
MOOCs: A systematic study of the published literature 2008-2012
Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Adams, A., & Williams, S. A. (2013) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v14i3.1455 · Cited by 1,167
Kuo, Y.-C., Walker, A. E., Schroder, K. E. E., & Belland, B. R. (2014) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.001 · Cited by 1,082
Measuring self-regulation in online and blended learning environments
Barnard-Brak, L. M., Lan, W. Y., To, Y. M., Paton, V. O., & Lai, S.-L. (2008) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.10.005 · Cited by 1,062
Kizilcec, R. F., Pérez-Sanagustín, M., & Maldonado, J. J. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.10.001 · Cited by 1,003
A review of online course dropout research: implications for practice and future research
Lee, Y., & Choi, J. (2011) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-010-9177-y · Cited by 747
Measuring Student Engagement in the Online Course: The Online Student Engagement Scale (OSE)
Dixson, M. D. (2015) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v19i4.561 · Cited by 707 · cited 1×
“…examined engaging learners through involvement in various learning activities (Cundell & Sheepy, 2018), student engagement through various measures (Dixson, 2015), how instructors included engagement to involve students in learning (O’Shea et al., 2015), different strategies to engage the learner…”
BackgroundComparing online and blended learner's self-regulated learning strategies and academic performance
Broadbent, J. (2017) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.01.004 · Cited by 679
Sherry, L. (1995) · International journal of educational telecommunications · Cited by 650
A predictive study of student satisfaction in online education programs
Kuo, Y.-C., Walker, A. E., Belland, B. R., & Schroder, K. E. E. (2013) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v14i1.1338 · Cited by 540
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Glazer, 2011, Connection to the academic community: Perceptions of students in online education, Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 12, 55
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Daumiller, M. H., Rinas, R., Hein, J., Janke, S., Dickhäuser, O., & Dresel, M. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106677 · Cited by 296
Foundations of online learning: Challenges and opportunities
Greenhow, C. M., Graham, C. R., & Koehler, M. J. (2022) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2022.2090364 · Cited by 333
A systematic review of research on cheating in online exams from 2010 to 2021
Noorbehbahani, F., Mohammadi, A., & Aminazadeh, M. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-10927-7 · Cited by 236
Sailer, M., Schultz-Pernice, F., & Fischer, F. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106794 · Cited by 299
Online learner engagement: Conceptual definitions, research themes, and supportive practices
Martin, F., & Borup, J. (2022) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2022.2089147 · Cited by 220
Self-citationTeaching and learning languages online: Challenges and responses
Tao, J., & Gao, X. A. (2022) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2022.102819 · Cited by 241
Kerimbayev, N., Umirzakova, Z., Shadiev, R., & Jotsov, V. (2023) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-023-00280-8 · Cited by 346
Qazi, A., Hasan, N., Abayomi‐Alli, O., Hardaker, G., Scherer, R., Sarker, Y., Paul, S. K., & Maitama, J. Z. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10775-x · Cited by 193
Stecuła, K., & Wolniak, R. (2022) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.3390/joitmc8030159 · Cited by 175
Engagement and disengagement in online learning
Bergdahl, N. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104561 · Cited by 133
Garg, M., & Goel, A. (2021) · Computers & security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2021.102544 · Cited by 47
Stecuła, K., & Wolniak, R. (2022) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.3390/joitmc8020089 · Cited by 128
Saqr, M., López‐Pernas, S., Helske, S., & Hrastinski, S. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104787 · Cited by 110
Wu, X.-Y. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103498 · Cited by 125
Huang, L., & Wang, D. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13090704 · Cited by 82
Konstantinidou, E., & Scherer, R. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104424 · Cited by 108
Gherghel, C., Yasuda, S., & Kita, Y. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104795 · Cited by 115
Martin, F., Sun, T., Turk, M., & Ritzhaupt, A. D. (2021) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v22i3.5263 · Cited by 92
Self-citationEngaging learners in the emergency transition to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic
Martin, F., Xie, K., & Bolliger, D. U. (2022) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2021.1991703 · Cited by 90
Self-citationKaczkó, É., & Ostendorf, A. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104662 · Cited by 82
Kim, S., Jeong, S. H., Kim, H. S., & Jeong, Y. J. (2021) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2021.10.005 · Cited by 68
Fong, C. J. (2022) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2022.2026891 · Cited by 76
Exploring online readiness in the context of the COVID 19 pandemic
Badiozaman, I. F. A. (2021) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2021.1943654 · Cited by 70
Evaluation of Flexible Strategies to Manage the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Education Sector
Ahmed, S., Taqi, H. M. M., Farabi, Y. I., Sarker, M., Ali, S. M., & Sankaranarayanan, B. (2021) · Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management · doi:10.1007/s40171-021-00267-9 · Cited by 59
Digital ethnography in higher education teaching and learning—a methodological review
Jensen, L. X., Bearman, M., Boud, D. J., & Konradsen, F. (2022) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-022-00838-4 · Cited by 58
Lucas, M., & Vicente, P. N. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11363-3 · Cited by 89
Transition to online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic
Lemay, D. J., Doleck, T., & Bazelais, P. (2021) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2021.1871633 · Cited by 57
Ismailov, M., & Chiu, T. K. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.819884 · Cited by 85
Belt, E. S., & Lowenthal, P. R. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11360-6 · Cited by 62
Sidi, Y., Shamir‐Inbal, T., & Eshet‐Alkalai, Y. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104831 · Cited by 60
Effects of teaching presence on learning engagement in online courses
Wang, Y. (2022) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587919.2022.2029350 · Cited by 47
Students’ and teachers’ perceived teaching presence in online courses
Wang, Y., Stein, D. S., & Shen, S. (2021) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587919.2021.1956304 · Cited by 46
Roslan, N. S., & Halim, A. S. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13116086 · Cited by 46
Martin, F., Bacak, J., Polly, D., & Dymes, L. (2021) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2021.1940396 · Cited by 46
Self-citationThe webcam and student engagement in synchronous online learning: visually or verbally?
Händel, M., Bedenlier, S., Kopp, B., Gläser‐Zikuda, M., Kammerl, R., & Ziegler, A. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11050-3 · Cited by 61
Drašler, V., Bertoncelj, J., Korošec, M., Žontar, T. P., Ulrih, N. P., & Cigić, B. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13095118 · Cited by 44
Shek, D. T. L., Zhu, X., Xiang, L., & Dou, D. (2022) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-022-10040-4 · Cited by 44
Vermeulen, E. J., & Volman, M. L. L. (2024) · Technology, Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-023-09704-3 · Cited by 44
Li, L., Zhang, R., & Piper, A. M. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100326 · Cited by 59
Crompton, H., Burke, D., Jordan, K., & Wilson, S. W. G. (2021) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2021.1899877 · Cited by 54
Wang, M., Walkington, C., & Rouse, A. G. (2022) · Investigations in Mathematics Learning · doi:10.1080/19477503.2022.2105104 · Cited by 40
Correlates of Academic Performance in Online Higher Education: A Systematic Review
Chung, J., McKenzie, S. P., Schweinsberg, A., & Mundy, M. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.820567 · Cited by 38
Self-Regulated Resource Management in Emergency Remote Higher Education: Status Quo and Predictors
Naujoks-Schober, N., Bedenlier, S., Gläser‐Zikuda, M., Kammerl, R., Kopp, B., Ziegler, A., & Händel, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672741 · Cited by 58
Liu, T. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10851-2 · Cited by 38
Krajčovič, M., Gabajová, G., Matys, M., Furmannová, B., & Dulina, Ľ. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14159580 · Cited by 37
Belda-Medina, J. R. (2021) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11110723 · Cited by 37
The After Times: College Students’ Desire to Continue with Distance Learning Post Pandemic
Clary, G., Dick, G. N., Akbulut, A. Y., & Slyke, C. V. (2022) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.05003 · Cited by 36
Analyzing students’ e-learning usage and post-usage outcomes in higher education
Ullah, M. S., Hoque, M. R., Aziz, M. A., & Islam, M. (2023) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2023.100146 · Cited by 45
Alon, L., Sung, S., Cho, J., & Kizilcec, R. F. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104870 · Cited by 39
Suen, H.-Y., & Hung, K.-E. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12956-w · Cited by 59
Towards online delivery of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy: A scoping review
Lakeman, R., King, P., Hurley, J., Tranter, R., Leggett, A., Campbell, K., & Herrera, C. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12976 · Cited by 33
Hwang, G., Tu, Y., & Tang, K. (2022) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v23i1.6319 · Cited by 31
Evidencias de aprendizaje en prácticas educativas mediadas por tecnologías digitales
Salvador, C. C., Arceo, F. D. B., Engel, A., & Salinas, J. (2023) · RIED Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia · doi:10.5944/ried.26.2.37293 · Cited by 70
Vaicondam, Y., Sikandar, H., Irum, S., Khan, N., & Qureshi, M. I. (2022) · International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) · doi:10.3991/ijoe.v18i08.31963 · Cited by 37
Formative Education Online: Teaching the Whole Person During the Global COVID-19 Pandemic
Kim, D., Wortham, S. E. F., Borowiec, K., Yatsu, D. K., Ha, S., Carroll, S., Wang, L., & Kim, J. J. (2021) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584211015229 · Cited by 28
Li, Y., Xu, Z., Hao, Y. H., Xiao, P., & Liu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.843090 · Cited by 28
Θωμά, Ρ., Φαρασόπουλος, Ν., & Lousta, C. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104210 · Cited by 28
Constructing a Digital Competence Evaluation Framework for In-Service Teachers’ Online Teaching
Tang, L., Gu, J.-J., & Xu, J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14095268 · Cited by 20
Polat, E., Hopcan, S., & Arslantaş, T. K. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11083-8 · Cited by 38
Kang, D., & Park, M. J. (2023) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100824 · Cited by 27
Fujs, D., Vrhovec, S. L. R., Žvanut, B., & Vavpotič, D. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104448 · Cited by 26
Supporting students’ active learning with a computer based tool
Opre, D., Şerban, C., Veșcan, A., & Iucu, R. (2022) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/14697874221100465 · Cited by 36
Theelen, H., & van Breukelen, D. H. J. (2022) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12705 · Cited by 36
Features of High-Quality Online Courses in Higher Education: A Scoping Review
Wright, A. C., Carley, T., Alarakyia-Jivani, R., & Nizamuddin, S. (2023) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v27i1.3411 · Cited by 21
Matalka, M. A., Momani, H. R., Khasawneh, M., Khanfar, S. M., AL-Malahmeh, Z. A., Al-Qassem, A. H., Al-Ramadan, A. M., Alzoubi, M., & Alfandi, A. M. (2025) · Data & Metadata · doi:10.56294/dm2025691 · Cited by 23
Çakıroğlu, Ü., Saylan, E., Çevi̇k, İ., Mollamehmetoğlu, M. Z., & Timuçin, E. (2022) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.7307 · Cited by 23
Shen, Z., Tan, S., & Pritchard, M. J. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication · doi:10.1109/tpc.2022.3156225 · Cited by 23
Purnomo, E. N., Ali Imron, A. M., Wiyono, B. B., Sobri, A. Y., & Dami, Z. A. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2303562 · Cited by 23
Gao, F., Wang, C., Xie, H., & Hong, J. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14100896 · Cited by 41
Rave, N. M., Marín, A. G., & Vásquez, S. I. A. (2023) · RIED Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia · doi:10.5944/ried.26.2.36241 · Cited by 22
Multimodal measurements enhance insights into emotional responses to immediate feedback
Horvers, A., Molenaar, I., West, H. V. D., Bosse, T., & Lazonder, A. W. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1294386 · Cited by 21
Aldawsari, M. M. A., & Almohish, N. R. I. (2024) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v25i3.7642 · Cited by 26
Vizarreta, P. V., & Noguera, I. (2022) · Edutec Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa · doi:10.21556/edutec.2022.79.2373 · Cited by 28
Exploring success factors and relationships in virtual learning using ISM and fuzzy MICMAC analysis
Chuaphun, P., & Samanchuen, T. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28100 · Cited by 30
Nurhikmah, H., Arismunandar, A., Butarbutar, R., Ramli, A. M., & Nur, I. D. M. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2292864 · Cited by 20
Constructing a Teaching Presence Measurement Framework Based on the Community of Inquiry Theory
Wang, Y., Zhao, L., Shen, S., & Chen, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694386 · Cited by 21
A systematic review of research on distance language teaching (2011–2020): Focus on methodology
Vorobel, O. (2022) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2022.102753 · Cited by 20
Sepp, S., Wong, M., Hoogerheide, V., & Castro-Alonso, J. C. (2022) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12715 · Cited by 31
Daumiller, M. H., Rinas, R., & Dresel, M. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13020161 · Cited by 21
Shen, J., Qi, H., Mei, R., & Sun, C.-C. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-05080-3 · Cited by 20
The rapid move to online mathematics support: changes in pedagogy and social interaction
Mullen, C., Pettigrew, J., Cronin, A. G., Rylands, L., & Shearman, D. (2021) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2021.1962555 · Cited by 19
Implementing H5P Online Interactive Activities at Scale
Chen, L., Manwaring, P., Zakaria, G., Wilkie, S., & Loton, D. J. (2021) · Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE) · doi:10.14742/ascilite2021.0112 · Cited by 19
How can cross-cultural virtual learning teams collaborate effectively: A longitudinal study
Yu, X., Shen, Y., Cheng, X., & Bao, Y. (2022) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2022.103667 · Cited by 24
Wang, F., Yin, H., & King, R. B. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105209 · Cited by 23
Cao, T., Zhang, Z., Chen, W., & Shu, J. (2022) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2022.2042031 · Cited by 19
Distance Learning in Pandemic Age: Lessons from a (No Longer) Emergency
Addimando, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316302 · Cited by 19
Tondeur, J., Howard, S. K., Scherer, R., & Siddiq, F. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104866 · Cited by 24
Bong, J. Y., Cho, K., Liu, Z., & He, D. (2023) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13415 · Cited by 22
Mullen, C. S., Pettigrew, J., Cronin, A. G., Rylands, L., & Shearman, D. (2021) · Teaching Mathematics and its Applications An International Journal of the IMA · doi:10.1093/teamat/hrab014 · Cited by 18
Shi, Y., & Guo, F. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142114006 · Cited by 19
Student Engagement in Online Graduate Program in Education: A Mixed-Methods Study
Kang, H., & Pak, Y. K. (2023) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923647.2023.2175560 · Cited by 16
Choi, H., & Hur, J. (2023) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v27i1.3414 · Cited by 16
Blackmon, S. J., & Major, C. H. (2023) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13362 · Cited by 26
Design science research in operations management: is there a single type?
Bagni, G., Filho, M. G., Finne, M., & Thürer, M. (2024) · Production Planning & Control · doi:10.1080/09537287.2024.2310230 · Cited by 17
The Pandemic That Has Forced Teachers to Go Online. Zooming in on Tips for Online Teaching
de Vries, T. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.647445 · Cited by 16
Barrot, J. S., & Acomular, D. R. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-022-00357-3 · Cited by 15
Coping with teacher professional identity tensions: using TPACK during global crisis time
Golzar, J., Sarwarzada, T., & Miri, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Language, Identity & Education · doi:10.1080/15348458.2023.2281952 · Cited by 16
Zhang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104478 · Cited by 29
Spruyt, K., Chan, K. C. C., Jayarathna, R., Bruni, O., Bakar, S., Keenan, S. A., Kotagal, S., Lam, J., O'Brien, A., Fernandes, A. E. R., et al. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.12.005 · Cited by 15
Dennen, V. P., Hall, B. M., & Hedquist, A. (2023) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v27i1.3430 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Martin, F., Sun, T., & Westine, C. D.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte (US)
- Corresponding author
- Martin, Florence
- Venue
- Computers & Education
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 159
- Pages
- 104009
- ISSN
- 0360-1315 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7480742
- OpenAlex
- W3084070176
- Cited by
- 616
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 71
- FWCI
- 27.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Computers & Education (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Online Learning and Analytics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Educational Technology and E-Learning
- Keywords
- online learning, research trends, research topics, higher education, online engagement, organizational leadership, publication trends
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
