A systematic review of research on cheating in online exams from 2010 to 2021
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, online learning has received more attention than ever before. One of the most challenging aspects of online education is the students' assessment since academic integrity could be violated due to various cheating behaviors in online examinations. Although a considerable number of literature reviews exist about online learning, there is no such review study to provide comprehensive insight into cheating motivations, cheating types, cheating detection, and cheating prevention in the online setting. The current study is a review of 58 publications about online cheating, published from January 2010 to February 2021. We present the categorization of the research and show topic trends in the field of online exam cheating. The study can be a valuable reference for educators and researchers working in the field of online learning to obtain a comprehensive view of cheating mitigation, detection, and prevention.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cheating on written assignments has amplified by tailored online services.
“Cheating on written assignments has also amplified by tailored online services (Noorbehbahani1 et al., 2022; Yazici et al., 2022)”
From Using version control to document genuine effort in written assignments: a protocol with examples for universities (2023) · cites this paper as Noorbehbahani et al., 2022
The Results sections on cheating detection and cheating types describe written work produced by someone else for a student and contract workers supplying answers. They do not say that tailored online services have amplified cheating on written assignments; the discussion is primarily about online exams. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n160 · Cited by 11,883 · see citing works
A systematic review of research on online teaching and learning from 2009 to 2018
Martin, F., Sun, T., & Westine, C. D. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104009 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
The Electronic Journal of e-Learning
(2020) · doi:10.34190/jel · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice
(2019) · Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice · doi:10.33423/jhetp · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Trends in Educational Research about e-Learning: A Systematic Literature Review (2009–2018)
Berrocoso, J. V., Arroyo, M. D. C. G., Videla, C. G. B., & Cevallos, M. B. M. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12125153 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Cheating in online courses: Evidence from online proctoring
Dendir, S., & Maxwell, R. S. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100033 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Cheating in the Digital Age: Do Students Cheat More in Online Courses?.
Watson, G., & Sottile, J. (2010) · Online journal of distance learning administration · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Bilen, E., & Matros, A. (2021) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.12.004 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Wei, X., Saab, N., & Admiraal, W. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104097 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Automated Online Exam Proctoring
Atoum, Y., Chen, L., Liu, A. X., Hsu, S. D. H., & Liu, X. (2017) · IEEE transactions on multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2017.2656064 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Utilizing webcam-based proctoring to deter misconduct in online exams
Hylton, K., Levy, Y. M., & Dringus, L. P. (2015) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.10.002 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Minimize Online Cheating for Online Assessments During COVID-19 Pandemic
Nguyen, J. G., Keuseman, K. J., & Humston, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00790 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
246 reasons to cheat: An analysis of students’ reasons for seeking to outsource academic work
Amigud, A., & Lancaster, T. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.01.017 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Examining the Effect of Proctoring on Online Test Scores.
Alessio, H., Malay, N. J., Maurer, K., Bailer, A., & Rubin, B. (2017) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v21i1.885 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Nikou, S. A., & Economides, A. A. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.06.006 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
E-exam Cheating Detection System
Bawarith, R. H., Abdullah, A., Anas, D., & Dr., P. (2017) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2017.080425 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
An intelligent system for online exam monitoring
Prathish, S., Narayanan, S. A., & Bijlani, K. (2016) · doi:10.1109/infosci.2016.7845315 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Xiong, Y., & Suen, H. K. (2018) · International Review of Education · doi:10.1007/s11159-018-9710-5 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Deterring Cheating in Online Environments
Corrigan-Gibbs, H., Gupta, N., Northcutt, C. G., Cutrell, E., & Thies, W. (2015) · TCHI · doi:10.1145/2810239 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A systematic mapping study on gamification applied to e-marketing
Noorbehbahani, F., Salehi, F., & Zadeh, R. J. (2019) · Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1108/jrim-08-2018-0103 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationExamining Online College Cyber Cheating Methods and Prevention Measures.
Moten, J., Fitterer, A., Brazier, E., Leonard, J. S., & Brown, A. (2013) · The Electronic Journal of e-Learning · Cited by 80 · see citing works
PageFocus: Using paradata to detect and prevent cheating on online achievement tests
Diedenhofen, B., & Musch, J. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0800-7 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
An international review of eExam technologies and impact
Fluck, A. E. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.12.008 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Detecting probable cheating during online assessments based on time delay and head pose
Chuang, C.-Y., Craig, S. D., & Femiani, J. C. (2017) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2017.1303456 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Saba, T., Rehman, A. U., Jamail, N. S. M., Larabi-Marie-Sainte, S., Raza, M., & Sharif, M. I. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068223 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Li, X., Chang, K.-M. K., Yuan, Y., & Hauptmann, A. G. (2015) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2675133.2675245 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cheat-resistant multiple-choice examinations using personalization
Manoharan, S. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.11.007 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Peytcheva-Forsyth, R., Aleksieva, L., & Yovkova, B. (2018) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.5082055 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Video summarization for remote invigilation of online exams
Cote, M., Jean, F., Albu, A. B., & Capson, D. W. (2016) · IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/wacv.2016.7477704 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Examining the Necessity of Proctoring Online Exams
Reisenwitz, T. H. (2020) · Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice · doi:10.33423/jhetp.v20i1.2782 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cheating in Exams with Technology
Curran, K. J., Middleton, G., & Doherty, C. (2011) · International Journal of Cyber Ethics in Education · doi:10.4018/ijcee.2011040105 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Parks, R. F., Lowry, P. B., Wigand, R. T., Agarwal, N., & Williams, T. L. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.04.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Online Examination System with Cheating Prevention Using Question Bank Randomization and Tab Locking
Chua, S. S., Bondad, J. B., Lumapas, Z. R., & Garcia, J. D. L. (2019) · doi:10.1109/incit.2019.8912065 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Modern Cheating Techniques, Their Adverse Effects on Engineering Education and Preventions
Srikanth, M., & Asmatulu, R. (2014) · International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education · doi:10.7227/ijmee.0005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Convolutional Neural Network based Virtual Exam Controller
Garg, K., Verma, K., Patidar, K., Tejra, N. K., & Patidar, K. (2020) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS) · doi:10.1109/iciccs48265.2020.9120966 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Topîrceanu, A. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.08.008 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Research on Abnormal Behavior Detection of Online Examination Based on Image Information
Hu, S., Jia, X., & Fu, Y. (2018) · International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/ihmsc.2018.10127 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Exam cheating among Cambodian students: when, how, and why it happens
Maeda, M. (2019) · Compare A Journal of Comparative and International Education · doi:10.1080/03057925.2019.1613344 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Collegiate Aviation Review, 2000.
Carney, T. (2000) · Collegiate Aviation Review International · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Fayyoumi, A., & Zarrad, A. (2014) · Advances in Internet of Things · doi:10.4236/ait.2014.42002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Exam cheating among Quebec’s preservice teachers: the influencing factors
Fontaine, S., Frénette, É., & Hébert, M.-H. (2020) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.1007/s40979-020-00062-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Academic Integrity in Online Testing: A Research ReviewPreprint
Holden, O. L., Kuhlmeier, V. A., & Norris, M. E. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rjk7g · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Rethinking Assessment By Examination In The Age Of Contract Cheating
Lancaster, T., & Clarke, R. (2017) · Staffordshire Online Repository (Staffordshire University) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Best practices in e-assessments with a special focus on cheating prevention
von Grünigen, D., Benites, F., Pradarelli, B., Magid, A., & Cieliebak, M. (2018) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon.2018.8363325 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Development of Continuous Authentication System on Android-Based Online Exam Application
Aisyah, S., Bandung, Y., & Subekti, L. B. (2018) · International Conference on Information Technology Systems and Innovation · doi:10.1109/icitsi.2018.8695954 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Student perceptions of cheating in online and traditional classes
Turner, S., & Uludag, S. (2013) · 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2013.6685007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gesture based misbehavior detection in online examination
Fan, Z., Xu, J., Liu, W., & Cheng, W. (2016) · International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE) · doi:10.1109/iccse.2016.7581586 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tiong, L. C. O., & Lee, H.-J. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.09841 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cheat me not: automated proctoring of digital exams on bring-your-own-device
Migut, G., Koelma, D. C., Snoek, C. G. M., & Brouwer, N. (2018) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3197091.3205813 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
An Application to Discover Cheating in Digital Exams
Opgen-Rhein, J., Küppers, B., & Schroeder, U. (2018) · Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research · doi:10.1145/3279720.3279740 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mitigation of Cheating in Online Exams
Vegendla, A., & Sindre, G. (2019) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7724-9.ch003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
University Online Cheating -- How to Mitigate the Damage.
Norris, M. D. (2019) · Research in higher education journal · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Assessing the usability of smartwatches for academic cheating during exams
Wong, S. K., Yang, L., Riecke, B. E., Cramer, E. S., & Neustaedter, C. (2017) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI) · doi:10.1145/3098279.3098568 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Impact of Video Proctoring in Online Courses.
Alessio, H. M., & Maurer, K. (2018) · Journal on excellence in college teaching · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Technical Student Electronic Cheating on Examination
Dobrovská, D. (2017) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50337-0_49 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mott, J. H. (2010) · Collegiate Aviation Review International · doi:10.22488/okstate.18.100409 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Information Security Practices
Traoré, I., Awad, A., & Woungang, I. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48947-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Security of Online Examinations
Sabbah, Y. (2017) · Data analytics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59439-2_6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Behavioral detection of cheating in online examination
Korman, M. (2010) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Students' experiences of cheating in the online exam environment
Backman, J. (2019) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cheating Detection in Online Examinations
Kasliwal, G. (2015) · doi:10.31979/etd.y292-cddh · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Security and Usability of Authentication by Challenge Questions in Online Examination
Ullah, A. (2017) · University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) · doi:10.18745/th.18186 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Advances in Data Science, Cyber Security and IT Applications
(2019) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36368-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
(2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23712-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Anti-cheating Online Exams by Minimizing the Cheating GainPreprint
Li, M., Sikdar, S., Xia, L., & Wang, G. (2020) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0502.v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Arnautovski, L. (2019). Face recognition technology in the exam identity authentication system - implementation concept. In 2nd International Scientific Conference MILCON’19 (pp. 51–56). Olsztyn, Poland.
- Idemudia, S., Rohani, M. F., Siraj, M., & Othman, S. H. (2016). A Smart Approach of E-Exam Assessment Method Using Face Recognition to Address Identity Theft and Cheating. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, 14(10), 515–522. Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
- Jalali, K., & Noorbehbahani, F. (2017). An Automatic Method for Cheating Detection in Online Exams by Processing the Students Webcam Images. In 3rd Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology (E-Tech 2017), Tehran, Iran (pp. 1–6). Tehran, Iran.
- Kigwana, I., & Venter, H. (2016). Proposed high-level solutions to counter online examination fraud using digital forensic readiness techniques. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, ICCWS 2016, 407–414.
- Weiner JA Hurtz GM A comparative Study of Online Remote Proctored Vs Onsite Proctored Journal of Applied Testing Technology 2017 18 1 13 20
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Boscardin, C. K., Gin, B., Golde, P. B., & Hauer, K. E. (2024) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000005439 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
ChatGPT: The End of Online Exam Integrity?
Susnjak, T. (2022) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2212.09292 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
“Online assessments, in particular, have highlighted the potential for increased cheating and academic misconduct [4,8–11] fueled by factors like anonymity, reduced supervision, and easier access to unauthorised resources during exams.”
Nikolic, S., Daniel, S., Haque, R., Belkina, M., Hassan, G. M., Grundy, S., Lyden, S., Neal, P., & Sandison, C. (2023) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2023.2213169 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
ChatGPT: The End of Online Exam Integrity?
Sušnjak, T., & McIntosh, T. R. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14060656 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence and the Transformation of Higher Education Institutions: A Systems Approach
Katsamakas, E., Pavlov, O. V., & Saklad, R. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16146118 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Newton, P. M., & Essex, K. (2023) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-023-09485-5 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Nikolic, S., Sandison, C., Haque, R., Daniel, S., Grundy, S., Belkina, M., Lyden, S., Hassan, G. M., & Neal, P. (2024) · Australasian Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/22054952.2024.2372154 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Duah, J. E., & McGivern, P. (2024) · The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology · doi:10.1108/ijilt-11-2023-0213 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mumtaz, S., Carmichael, J., Weiss, M., & Nimon-Peters, A. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13099-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Kamoun, F., El Ayeb, W., Jabri, I., Sifi, S., & Iqbal, F. (2024) · Journal of Information Technology Education: Research · doi:10.28945/5239 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Kaddoura, S., & Gumaei, A. (2022) · Intelligent Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.iswa.2022.200153 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Unproctored online exams provide meaningful assessment of student learning
Chan, J. C. K., & Ahn, D. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2302020120 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ülkü, A. (2023) · Tourism & Management Studies · doi:10.18089/tms.2023.190402 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sevnarayan, K., & Maphoto, K. B. (2024) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-023-09501-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Analysing Cyber Attacks and Cyber Security Vulnerabilities in the University Sector
Lallie, H. S., Thompson, A., Titis, E., & Stephens, P. (2025) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers14020049 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ariza, J. Á. (2023) · Computer Applications in Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/cae.22673 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
On ChatGPT: what promise remains for multiple choice assessment?
Gonsalves, C. (2023) · Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education · doi:10.47408/jldhe.vi27.1009 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hussein, F., Al-Ahmad, A., El-Salhi, S., Alshdaifat, E., & Al-Hami, M. A. (2022) · Data · doi:10.3390/data7090122 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ghimire, S. N., Bhattarai, U., & Baral, R. K. (2024) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2024.2366323 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
ChatGPT and its impact on education
Pokkakillath, S., & Suleri, J. (2023) · Research in Hospitality Management · doi:10.1080/22243534.2023.2239579 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Eshet, Y. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14090986 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A review of ChatGPT in medical education: exploring advantages and limitations
Cheng, Y., & Zhu, L. (2025) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000002505 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Thathsarani, H., Ariyananda, D. K., Jayakody, C., Manoharan, K., Munasinghe, A. A. S. N., & Rathnayake, N. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11715-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Eshet, Y. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11967-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mastour, H., Emadzadeh, A., Abadi, O. H. H., & Niroumand, S. (2023) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04159-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
An Experiment on Leveraging ChatGPT for Online Teaching and Assessment of Database Students
Carr, N., Shawon, F. R., & Jamil, H. M. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering · doi:10.1109/tale56641.2023.10398239 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Pre-Trained CNN Networks for Detecting Abnormal Activities in Online Exams
Ramzan, M., Abid, A., Bilal, M., Aamir, K. M., Memon, S. A., & Chung, T. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3359689 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gaze Based Online Examination Cheat Detection with future integration of Deep Learning Models
Padmavathi, A., Kumar, D. P., & Reddy, K. N. K. (2024) · International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO) · doi:10.1109/icrito61523.2024.10522427 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
ACCURACY AND DETECTION OF STUDENT USE OF CHATGPT IN BUSINESS ANALYTICS COURSES
(2023) · Issues in Information Systems · doi:10.48009/2_iis_2023_113 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Henderson, M., Chung, J., Awdry, R., Ashford, C., Bryant, M., Mundy, M., & Ryan, K. (2023) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.1007/s40979-023-00143-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Davies, A. J., & sharefeen, R. A. (2022) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.1007/s40979-022-00110-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Freire, A. P., Cardoso, P. C. F., & Salgado, A. D. L. (2023) · Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC) · doi:10.1145/3638067.3638100 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jiang, Y., Zhang, M., Hao, J., Deane, P., & Li, C. (2024) · Journal of Educational Measurement · doi:10.1111/jedm.12416 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Preserving integrity in online assessment using feature engineering and machine learning
Garg, M., & Goel, A. (2023) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120111 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Culture of integrity – institutional response to integrity during COVID19
Khan, Z. R., Priya, J., & Tuffnell, C. (2022) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.1007/s40979-022-00118-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bubnič, B., Mernik, M., & Kosar, T. (2024) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math12111655 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Quantum leap in medical mentorship: exploring ChatGPT’s transition from textbooks to terabytes
Chokkakula, S., Chong, S., Yang, B., Jiang, H., Yu, J., Han, R., Attitalla, I. H., Yin, C., & Zhang, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1517981 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Abbas, M. A. E., & Hameed, S. (2022) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Engineering and Technology · doi:10.32628/ijsrset229428 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Academic Dishonesty Within Higher Education in Nepal: An Examination of Students’ Exam Cheating
Ghimire, S. N., Bhattarai, U., & Baral, R. K. (2023) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-023-09486-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Online assessment in the age of artificial intelligence
Stanoyevitch, A. (2024) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-024-00212-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A Cheating Detection System in Online Examinations Based on the Analysis of Eye-Gaze and Head-Pose
Singh, A., & Das, S. (2022) · International Conference on Emerging Trends in Artificial Intelligence and Smart Systems (THEETAS) · doi:10.4108/eai.16-4-2022.2318165 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cheating Prevention in E-proctoring Systems Using Secure Exam Browsers: A Case Study
Mohammed, H. M., & Ali, Q. I. (2022) · Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro Komputer dan Informatika · doi:10.26555/jiteki.v8i4.25094 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
García, E. C., & Molins, L. L. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14159560 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
ChatGPT and the course vulnerability index
Adilov, N., Cline, J. W., Hanke, H., Kauffman, K., Meneau, L., Resendez, E., Singh, S., Slaubaugh, M., & Suntornpithug, N. (2023) · Journal of Education for Business · doi:10.1080/08832323.2023.2260929 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Rüth, M., Jansen, M., & Kaspar, K. (2024) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12994 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bubaš, G., & Čižmešija, A. (2023) · 2023 46th MIPRO ICT and Electronics Convention (MIPRO) · doi:10.23919/mipro57284.2023.10159826 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pérez, M. A., Tiemann, P., & Urrejola-Contreras, G. P. (2023) · Educación Médica · doi:10.1016/j.edumed.2023.100801 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Adeyemi, J. O., Ogunlere, S. O., & Akwaronwu, B. G. (2025) · British Journal of Computer Networking and Information Technology · doi:10.52589/bjcnit-qc5eelje · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Intelligent Remote Online Proctoring in Learning Management Systems
Nugroho, M. A., Abdurohman, M., Prabowo, S., Nurhayati, I. K., & Rizal, A. (2023) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7447-2_21 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ros, G. G., & Alhama, I. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19742 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Serhan, O. A., Houjeir, R., & Aldhaheri, M. R. (2022) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.21.10.5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A study on academic dishonesty among English as a foreign language students
Bernal, M., Parra, J. N. G., Reinoso, J. M. V., & Ochoa, J. F. Q. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33876 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Multi-version interactive assessment through the integration of GeoGebra with Moodle
Hamady, S., Mershad, K., & Jabakhanji, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1466128 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reinke, N. B., Parkinson, A. L., & Kafer, G. R. (2025) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00245.2024 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Detecting Fraudulent Student Communication in a Multiple Choice Online Test Environment
Carrasco, M., Silva, A. R., & Henriques, R. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2023.3254504 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Examinator v3.0: Cheating Detection in Online Take-Home Exams
Hung, J.-T., Cui, C., Agarwal, V., Chatterjee, S., Apoorv, R., Graziano, R., & Starner, T. E. (2023) · ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (L@S) · doi:10.1145/3573051.3596196 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The dark side of online transition of exams in higher education: a perspective of an emerging nation
Koswatte, I., Fernando, C., & Jayawardena, N. S. (2023) · VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems · doi:10.1108/vjikms-09-2022-0295 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Framing Assessment Questions in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Evidence from ChatGPT 3.5
Farooqui, M. O., Siddiquei, M. I., & Kathpal, S. (2024) · Emerging Science Journal · doi:10.28991/esj-2024-08-03-09 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Maleki, A. (2025) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-024-09591-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Re-thinking the online distance instruction based on students’ feedback
Šimonová, I., Faltýnková, L., Kostolányová, K., & Klimszová, S. (2022) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-022-09332-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
CHATGPT: ATTITUDES AND EXPERIENCES OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN UKRAINE
Чугай, О., & Havrylenko, K. (2024) · Information Technologies and Learning Tools · doi:10.33407/itlt.v101i3.5559 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jalilzadeh, K., Rashtchi, M., & Mirzapour, F. (2024) · Language Testing in Asia · doi:10.1186/s40468-024-00304-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Taşkın, N., & Kokoç, M. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13514-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Online Learning and Experiences in Higher Education during COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Pedraja-Rejas, L., Rodríguez-Ponce, E., Muñoz-Fritis, C. P., & Laroze, D. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152115583 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pariyanti, E., Wibowo, M., Sultan, Z., & Siolemba Patiro, S. P. (2026) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-10-2024-0522 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Safonova, A. N., & Guner, M. (2022) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13010046 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing Paradigm for Cheating Detection in Online Examinations
Kaddoura, S., Vincent, S., & Hemanth, D. J. (2023) · Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing · doi:10.1155/2023/3739975 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
We are still to learn from our learners: A hidden curriculum developed during the covid-19 pandemic
Mohebi-Amin, A., Rabiei, M., Yazdi-Amirkhiz, S. Y., & Shomoossi, N. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104390 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sholikhah, Z., Adawiyah, W. R., Pramuka, B. A., & Pariyanti, E. (2023) · Journal of International Education in Business · doi:10.1108/jieb-11-2022-0082 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Jacobs, L., & Mncube, S. (2023) · The Independent Journal of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.17159/ijtl.v18i2.17313 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Student Abnormal Behavior Detection Using Dlib Combined With YOLO Models
Alkhalisy, M. A. E., & Hameed, S. (2022) · International Conference on Intelligent Technology, System and Service for Internet of Everything (ITSS-IoE) · doi:10.1109/itss-ioe56359.2022.9990929 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lemantara, J., Hariadi, B., Sunarto, M. J. D., Amelia, T., & Sagirani, T. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2023.3267518 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nikolic, S., Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, U. O. W., Ros, M., Al-Abdeli, Y. M., Fairweather, H., School of Engineering, E. C. U., & Head of Accreditation, E. A. (2025) · STEM Education · doi:10.3934/steme.2025027 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Students' Attitudes Towards Cheating Before and After ChatGPT
Kann, V. (2025) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/3724363.3729108 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Online moral deviance: an integrative review of digital behaviors
Chen, X., Saharuddin, N., Yasin, M., & Wang, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1573164 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Are They Learning or Guessing? Investigating Trial-and-Error Behavior with Limited Test Attempts
Hui, B. (2023) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3576050.3576068 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shamshiri, F., Esfahani, F., & Hosseini, S. E. (2023) · Language Testing in Asia · doi:10.1186/s40468-023-00259-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Faculty members' Perceptions of Remote Electronic Examinations in Distance Academic Education
Vorvilas, G., Liapis, A., Καρούσος, Ν., Theodorakopoulos, L., Lagiou, E., & Kameas, A. D. (2023) · International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems & Applications (IISA) · doi:10.1109/iisa59645.2023.10345883 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Online Assessments in a Changing Education Landscape
Serutla, L., Mwanza, A., & Çelik, T. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1002176 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Xiang, Z., Xue, X., Zheng, Z., Gao, H., Chen, Y., & Dustdar, S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2024.3445435 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stewart, O. G. (2026) · AI in Education · doi:10.3390/aieduc2010005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Taşkın, N., & Kokoç, M. (2024) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2024.2409406 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Abnormal Behavior Detection in Online Exams Using Deep Learning and Data Augmentation Techniques
Alkhalisy, M. A. E., & Abid, S. H. (2023) · International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) · doi:10.3991/ijoe.v19i10.39583 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Leveraging AI to Personalize and Humanize Online Learning
Hutson, J., & Plate, D. (2024) · Advances in mobile and distance learning book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-0762-5.ch011 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Engineering Assessment in the Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Critical Analysis
Daniel, S., Nikolic, S., Sandison, C., Haque, R., Grundy, S., Belkina, M., Lyden, S., Hassan, G. M., & Neal, P. R. (2024) · World Engineering Education Forum - Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF-GEDC) · doi:10.1109/weef-gedc63419.2024.10854936 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sihab, N., Ismail, L. N., & Sauki, N. S. M. (2023) · International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development · doi:10.6007/ijarped/v12-i2/16464 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Alwerthan, T. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28476 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Orbán, L. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1169938 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Xinfa, T., Yang, X., Guozu, H., Yifei, S., & Youwei, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1584739 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cheating and Prevention Strategies in Online Assessment
Taşkın, N. (2024) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3045-6.ch009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Masks Off: Exploring Undergraduates’ Motivations to Cheat During COVID-19
Benitez, J. A., & Wingenbach, G. (2025) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-025-09616-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Huy, D. P. M., Nguyen, G. N., & Le, D. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3381-4_51 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
CheatGuard: A cybersecurity inspired anti-cheating platform for higher education
Taj, I., Dadi, S. W., Wazan, A. S., Laborde, R., & Shoufan, A. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13705-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Automated Reading Detection in an Online Exam
Kadyrov, B., Kadyrov, S., & Makhmutova, A. (2022) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · doi:10.3991/ijet.v17i22.33277 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reduce Cheating in e-Exams Using Machine Learning: State of the Art
Khabbachi, I., Zouhair, A., Mahboub, A., & Ghouch, N. E. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28387-1_20 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nafrees, A. C. M., Bharathi, B., Sasubilli, D., & Komma, S. S. R. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Current Development in Engineering and Technology (CCET) · doi:10.1109/ccet56606.2022.10080219 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Academic Use of Smartphones in Secondary Level Education in Bangladesh: A Non-Parametric Approach
Sarker, M. F. H., Rahman, S. M., Ahmed, S. M. S., Sifullah, M. K., Sohel, M. S., Akber, M. F., Islam, M. K., Hossain, M. K., & Lia, S. M. (2023) · International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) · doi:10.3991/ijim.v17i24.41231 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Maleki, A. (2024) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-024-09508-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Academic Dishonesty in Virtual Assessment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Cultural Study
Navidinia, H., Năznean, A., Sourani, M., & Hekmati, N. (2024) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-024-00829-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kell, C., Thandar, Y., Bhundoo, A. K., Haffejee, F., Mbhele, B., & Ducray, J. (2024) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-12-2023-0565 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Noorbehbahani, F., Mohammadi, A., & Aminazadeh, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Isfahan (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Noorbehbahani, Fakhroddin
- Venue
- Education and Information Technologies
- Published
- 2022-03-07
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 8413-8460
- ISSN
- 1360-2357 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7608
- PMC
- PMC8898996
- OpenAlex
- W4220695000
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 20
- FWCI
- 9.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Education and Information Technologies (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Online Learning and Analytics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection
- Keywords
- academic integrity, online learning, cheating detection, cheating prevention, student assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
