Reductions in cortical activity during priming
Abstract
Priming is a nonconscious form of memory in which an encounter with a stimulus influences the subsequent identification, production or classification of the same or a related stimulus. Neuroimaging studies have revealed that behavioral priming is typically accompanied by reduced activity in several cortical regions. We review recent studies that have concerned two key issues. First, specificity effects produced by changes between study and test in either the physical features of stimuli or the behavioral response reveal cortical sensitivity to the perceptual, conceptual and stimulus-to-decision mapping properties of primed items. Second, correlations between behavioral priming and activity reductions are robust across a range of tasks and procedures in prefrontal regions but not in posterior regions. On the basis of these recent studies, we suggest that the reduction in cortical activity during priming involves at least two different mechanisms.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Prior literature indicates that neural activity usually decreases when stimuli and tasks are repeated, a repetition suppression effect.
“This finding is particularly noteworthy given the extensive literature showing that neural activity typically decreases when stimuli and tasks are repeated (i.e., repetition suppression; Grill-Spector et al., 2006; Schacter et al., 2007).”
From Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency (2010) · cites this paper as Schacter et al., 2007
Cites
Priming and Human Memory Systems
Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2296719 · Cited by 2,595 · see citing works
Repetition and the brain: neural models of stimulus-specific effects
Grill-Spector, K., Henson, R., & Martin, A. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.11.006 · Cited by 2,256 · see citing works
Building Memories: Remembering and Forgetting of Verbal Experiences as Predicted by Brain Activity
Wagner, A. D., Schacter, D. L., Rotte, M., Koutstaal, W., Maril, A., Dale, A. M., Rosen, B. R., & Buckner, R. L. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5380.1188 · Cited by 1,620 · see citing works
Top-down facilitation of visual recognition
Bar, M., Kassam, K. S., Ghuman, A. S., Boshyan, J., Schmid, A. M., Dale, A. M., Hämäläinen, M. S., Marinkovic, K., Schacter, D. L., Rosen, B. R., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0507062103 · Cited by 1,489 · see citing works
Kalanit Grill-spector, A., Kushnir, T., Edelman, S., Avidan, G., Itzchak, Y., & Malach, R. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80832-6 · Cited by 1,156 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms for visual memory and their role in attention
Desimone, R. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.24.13494 · Cited by 1,028 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Stimulus-related decreases in activation during priming and adaptation have been related to the phenomenon of repetition suppression in single-cell recordings, where decreased neural responding is observed as a function of stimulus repetition [4,10].”
BackgroundProperties and mechanisms of perceptual priming
Wiggs, C. L., & Martin, A. D. (1998) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(98)80144-x · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Schacter, D. L., & Buckner, R. L. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80448-1 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of priming
Henson, R. N. (2003) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(03)00086-8 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
A Neural Mechanism for Working and Recognition Memory in Inferior Temporal Cortex
Miller, E. K., Li, L., & Desimone, R. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1962197 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Neuroimaging Evidence for Dissociable Forms of Repetition Priming
Henson, R. N., Shallice, T., & Dolan, R. J. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5456.1269 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Multiple levels of visual object constancy revealed by event-related fMRI of repetition priming
Vuilleumier, P. O., Henson, R. N., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn839 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Repetition priming and automaticity: Common underlying mechanisms?
Logan, G. D. (1990) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(90)90002-l · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Koutstaal, W., Wagner, A. D., Rotte, M., Maril, A., Buckner, R. L., & Schacter, D. L. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00087-7 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Buckner, R. L. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.3.620 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Adaptation changes the direction tuning of macaque MT neurons
Kohn, A., & Movshon, J. A. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1267 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Cortical activity reductions during repetition priming can result from rapid response learning
Dobbins, I. G., Schnyer, D. M., Verfaellie, M. H., & Schacter, D. L. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02400 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Specificity of priming: a cognitive neuroscience perspective
Schacter, D. L., Dobbins, I. G., & Schnyer, D. M. (2004) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1534 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Brain regions associated with retrieval of structurally coherent visual information
Schacter, D. L., Reiman, E. M., Uecker, A., Roister, M. R., Yun, L. S., & Cooper, L. A. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/376587a0 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Effects of Visual Experience on the Representation of Objects in the Prefrontal Cortex
Rainer, G., & Miller, E. K. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00019-2 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Interference in immediate spatial memory
Smyth, M. M., & Scholey, K. A. (1994) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03202756 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Gruber, T. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh113 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Linking Implicit and Explicit Memory: Common Encoding Factors and Shared Representations
Turk‐Browne, N. B., Yi, D.-J., & Chun, M. M. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.030 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Reductions in neural activity underlie behavioral components of repetition priming
Wig, G. S., Grafton, S. T., Demos, K. E., & Kelley, W. M. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1515 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Simons, J. S., Koutstaal, W., Prince, S. E., Wagner, A. D., & Schacter, D. L. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00096-x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Preserved Neural Correlates of Priming in Old Age and Dementia
Lustig, C., & Buckner, R. L. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.04.002 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Automatic Priming of Semantically Related Words Reduces Activity in the Fusiform Gyrus
Wheatley, T. P., Weisberg, J., Beauchamp, M. S., & Martin, A. D. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892905775008689 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Eger, E., Schweinberger, S. R., Dolan, R. J., & Henson, R. N. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.010 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Schott, B. H., Henson, R. N., Richardson‐Klavehn, A., Becker, C., Thoma, V., Heinze, H., & Düzel, E. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0409070102 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Fiebach, C. J., Gruber, T., & Supp, G. G. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4107-04.2005 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Vuilleumier, P. O., Schwartz, S., Duhoux, S., Dolan, R. J., & Driver, J. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929055002409 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Evidence for Neural Effects of Repetition that Directly Correlate with Behavioral Priming
Maccotta, L., & Buckner, R. L. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042568451 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Object-Selective Cortex Exhibits Performance-Independent Repetition Suppression
Sayres, R., & Kalanit Grill-spector, A. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00500.2005 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Auditory Repetition Priming: Reduced fMRI Activation in the Auditory Cortex
Bergerbest, D., Ghahremani, D. G., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929041502760 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Repetition‐induced changes in BOLD response reflect accumulation of neural activity
James, T. W., & Gauthier, L. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20165 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Neural Response Suppression Predicts Repetition Priming of Spoken Words and Pseudowords
Orfanidou, E., Marslen‐Wilson, W. D., & Davis, M. H. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1237 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Rise and Fall of Priming: How Visual Exposure Shapes Cortical Representations of Objects
Zago, L., Fenske, M. J., Aminoff, E., & Bar, M. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi060 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Priming within and across Modalities: Exploring the Nature of rCBF Increases and Decreases
Badgaiyan, R. D., Schacter, D. L., & Alpert, N. M. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0693 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical Dissociation of Encoding Processes Related to Priming and Explicit Memory
Schott, B. H., Richardson‐Klavehn, A., Henson, R. N., Becker, C., Heinze, H., & Düzel, E. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2402-05.2006 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Schnyer, D. M., Dobbins, I. G., Nicholls, L., Schacter, D. L., & Verfaellie, M. H. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.027 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The relationship between fMRI adaptation and repetition priming
Ganel, T., Gonzalez, C. L. R., Valyear, K. F., Culham, J. C., Goodale, M. A., & Köhler, S. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.039 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Item to decision mapping in rapid response learning
Schnyer, D. M., Dobbins, I. G., Nicholls, L., Davis, S., Verfaellie, M. H., & Schacter, D. L. (2007) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193617 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Neuroimaging-guided rTMS of the left inferior frontal gyrus interferes with repetition priming
Thiel, A., Haupt, W. F., Habedank, B., Winhuisen, L., Herholz, K., Kessler, J., Markowitsch, H.-J., & Heiss, W. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.028 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Category-specific organization of prefrontal response-facilitation during priming
Bunzeck, N., Schütze, H., & Düzel, E. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.019 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Carlesimo, G. A., Turriziani, P., Paulesu, E., Gorini, A., Caltagirone, C., Fazio, F., & Perani, D. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00148-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Blondin, F., & Lepage, M. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.021 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ryan, L., & Schnyer, D. M. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Koutstaal, W., Wagner, A., Rotte, M., Maril, A., Buckner, R. L., & Schacter, D. L. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Training and plasticity of working memory
Klingberg, T. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.05.002 · Cited by 1,585 · see citing works
The future of memory: remembering, imagining, and the brain
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., Martin, V. C., Spreng, R. N., & Szpunar, K. K. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001 · Cited by 1,398 · see citing works
Self-citationIncidental Haptic Sensations Influence Social Judgments and Decisions
Ackerman, J. M., Nocera, C. C., & Bargh, J. A. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1189993 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Memory and Brain Systems: 1969–2009
Squire, L. R. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3575-09.2009 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
“Neuroimaging studies indicate that priming is typically associated with reduced activity in those regions of neocortex that are engaged by the task (Wiggs and Martin, 1998; Schacter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundWhere perception meets memory: A review of repetition priming in visual search tasks
Kristjansson, A. K., & Campana, G. (2009) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/app.72.1.5 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Birn, R. M., Kenworthy, L., Case, L., Caravella, R., Jones, T. B., Bandettini, P. A., & Martin, A. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.036 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
“This finding is particularly noteworthy given the extensive literature showing that neural activity typically decreases when stimuli and tasks are repeated (i.e., repetition suppression; Grill-Spector et al., 2006;Schacter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundConscious and Unconscious Memory Systems
Squire, L. R., & Dede, A. J. O. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021667 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
“In neuroimaging studies, priming is often associated with reduced activity in regions of neocortex relevant to the task (Squire et al. 1992; Schacter et al. 2007).”
BackgroundWebster, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.5.3 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Dynamic Cultural Influences on Neural Representations of the Self
Chiao, J. Y., Harada, T., Komeda, H., Li, Z., Mano, Y., Saito, D. N., Parrish, T. B., Sadato, N., & Iidaka, T. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21192 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Reber, P. J. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.019 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Schacter, D. L., Benoit, R. G., De Brigard, F., & Szpunar, K. K. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.12.008 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Voss, J. L., & Federmeier, K. D. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01085.x · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Statistical localization of human olfactory cortex
Seubert, J., Freiherr, J., Djordjevic, J., & Lundström, J. N. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.030 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“The middle frontal gyrus is an area which has been implicated in top-down modulation of the response to conceptually overlapping stimuli (Schacter et al., 2007) and could thus be involved in cognitive labeling of odors.”
BackgroundReder, L. M., Park, H., & Kieffaber, P. D. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0013974 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Memory Systems, Processing Modes, and Components: Functional Neuroimaging Evidence
Cabeza, R., & Moscovitch, M. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612469033 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
An electrophysiological signature of unconscious recognition memory
Voss, J. L., & Paller, K. A. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2260 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Neural correlates of metamemory
Chua, E. F., Schacter, D., & Sperling, R. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21123 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Thus, repetition suppression effects may have influenced our effects (Schacter, Wig, & Stevens, 2007; Henson & Rugg, 2003).”
BackgroundThe role of NPY in learning and memory
Gøtzsche, C. R., & Woldbye, D. P. D. (2015) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2015.09.010 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“, improved recognition from previous exposure, and perceptual learning (Grill-Spector et al., 2006; Schacter et al., 2007).”
Detecting individual memories through the neural decoding of memory states and past experience
Rissman, J., Greely, H. T., & Wagner, A. D. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1001028107 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Numerous neuroimaging studies have documented activity reductions (“repetition suppression” or “fMRI adaptation”) associated with the facilitated processing of previously encountered, relative to novel, stimuli (23, 37, 38); such “neural priming” effects are thought to be a hallmark of neocortical learning that suppor…”
BackgroundMiozzo, M., Friedemann Pulvermüller, A., & Hauk, O. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu137 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
The porous boundaries between explicit and implicit memory: behavioral and neural evidence
Dew, I. T. Z., & Cabeza, R. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05946.x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Voss, J. L., Schendan, H. E., & Paller, K. A. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.012 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“…and conceptual priming have been associated with changes in neural processing at distinct loci of the ventral visualprocessing stream (Henson, 2003; Schacter et al., 2007), with conceptual priming involving neural repetition effects that are more anterior than those for perceptual priming.”
BackgroundStimulation of the Posterior Cortical-Hippocampal Network Enhances Precision of Memory Recollection
Nilakantan, A. S., Bridge, D. J., Gagnon, E. P., VanHaerents, S. A., & Voss, J. L. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.042 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Voss, J. L., & Paller, K. A. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.010 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Privileged Functional Connectivity between the Visual Word Form Area and the Language System
Stevens, W. D., Kravitz, D. J., Peng, C. S., Tessler, M. H., & Martin, A. D. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0138-17.2017 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“…in the amplitude of BOLD response are used as a proxy for representational specificity, when in fact there are much more sensitive measures, such as repetition suppression/adaptation (Grill-Spector et al., 2006; Schacter et al., 2007; Stevens et al., 2008) and MVPA techniques (Kriegeskorte et al.,”
BackgroundMethodMore than a feeling: Pervasive influences of memory without awareness of retrieval
Voss, J. L., Lucas, H. D., & Paller, K. A. (2012) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2012.674935 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Dissociable Prototype Learning Systems: Evidence from Brain Imaging and Behavior
Zeithamová, D., Maddox, W. T., & Schnyer, D. M. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2915-08.2008 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Occipital and temporal activity in perceptual learning experiments is typically not correlated with behavior (Schacter et al., 2007).”
Neural Markers of Inhibition in Human Memory Retrieval
Wimber, M., Bäuml, K. T., Bergström, Z. M., Markopoulos, G., Heinze, H., & Richardson‐Klavehn, A. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1916-08.2008 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“The comparison of P and P with control items suggests that there was strong repetition priming (e.g., Henson and Rugg, 2003; Schacter et al., 2007) during the final recall of both item types, likely due to repeated category presentation during practice.”
The effects of priming on frontal-temporal communication
Ghuman, A. S., Bar, M., Dobbins, I. G., & Schnyer, D. M. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0710674105 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“These previous studies support the hypothesis that PFC–temporal cortex interactions are critical during the learning process (6, 9).”
ResultTian, X., & Poeppel, D. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00381 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Race, E., Shanker, S., & Wagner, A. D. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21132 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“…suggest that the associations underlying ‘‘responselearning’’ effects are between stimuli and abstract decisions (Schnyer et al., 2007; Waszak, Hommel, & Allport, 2003; Logan, 1990) or between stimuli and responses (Dobbins et al., 2004; for a discussion, see Hommel, 2007; Schacter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialBabies and Brains: Habituation in Infant Cognition and Functional Neuroimaging
Chun, M. M. (2008) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.016.2008 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Accurate forced-choice recognition without awareness of memory retrievalPreprint
Voss, J. L., Baym, C. L., & Paller, K. A. (2008) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.971208 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“…priming, for example, are used to measure implicit memory for physical stimulus features, and perceptual priming with visual stimuli is thought to be supported by repetition-induced enhancements in neural processing fluency within visual cortex (Wiggs and Martin 1998; Schacter et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodCategory-specificity in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe Cortex
Litman, L., Awipi, T., & Davachi, L. (2009) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20515 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“…response to novel stimuli, the extent to which activation decreases upon stimulus repetition, or repetition suppression, has often been used to reveal underlying representations (Koustaal et al., 2001; Ewbank et al., 2005; Kourtzi and Huberle, 2005; Turk-Brown et al., 2006; Schacter et al., 2007).”
Neural Dynamics in Inferior Temporal Cortex during a Visual Working Memory Task
Woloszyn, L., & Sheinberg, D. L. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5785-08.2009 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…et al., 1992; Miller et al., 1993; Sawamura et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2009) reflects its role as the neural correlate of perceptual priming, although direct evidence linking ITC suppression to priming is scarce (Sayres and Grill-Spector, 2006; McMahon and Olson, 2007; Schacter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundChouinard, P. A., & Goodale, M. A. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.032 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Processing of disgusted faces is facilitated by odor primes: A functional MRI study
Seubert, J., Kellermann, T., Loughead, J., Boers, F., Brensinger, C. M., Schneider, F. W., & Habel, U. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.012 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Consistent with the functional neuroimaging literature on priming, activation decreases to odor relative to ambient air presentation were observed for the task conditions which showed priming effects on a behavioral level (Bunzeck et al., 2006; Schacter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultNeural Response Suppression Predicts Repetition Priming of Spoken Words and Pseudowords
Orfanidou, E., Marslen‐Wilson, W. D., & Davis, M. H. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1237 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Gobel, E. W., Parrish, T. B., & Reber, P. J. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.090 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“This phenomenon has been observed in repetition priming (Reber et al., 2005; Schacter et al., 2007) as well as visual category learning (Aizenstein et al., 2000; Reber et al., 2003).”
BackgroundPast Experience Modulates the Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Memory Formation
Poppenk, J., McIntosh, A. R., Craik, F. I. M., & Moscovitch, M. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5466-09.2010 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“We identified more activity in the right anterior hippocampus, fusiform gyrus, right visual cortex and left prefrontal cortex (PFC) in response to novel scenes, an effect often seen in neural priming studies comparing brain responses to novel and repeated stimuli (Schacter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultRepetition-related reductions in neural activity reveal component processes of mental simulation
Szpunar, K. K., St. Jacques, P. L., Robbins, C. A., Wig, G. S., & Schacter, D. L. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst035 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Functional magnetic resonance (fMR)-repetition suppression is a technique that evokes repetition-related reductions in neural activity to demonstrate that specific regions of the brain are sensitive to processing specific classes of stimuli (Grill-Spector et al., 2006; Schacter et al., 2007b).”
Self-citationKim, H. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24747 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Gutchess, A. H., & Indeck, A. (2009) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17809-3 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“In actuality, retrieval relies on the construction of a memory from various features, such as the visual details, sounds, contextual elements, and semantic information about the people and places involved in the event (Schacter et al., 1998, 2007a).”
InfluentialEvaluating the evidence for expectation suppression in the visual system
Feuerriegel, D., Vogels, R., & Kovács, G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.002 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Culture modulates the temporal dynamics of global/local processing
Lao, J., Vizioli, L., & Caldara, R. (2013) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-013-0012-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Although the precise neural mechanisms of RS are still debated, numerous models have been proposed to account for the reduction in neural activity following stimulus repetition (Grill-Spector et al. 2006; Schacter et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMultiple signals of recognition memory in the medial temporal lobe
Yassa, M. A., & Stark, C. E. L. (2008) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20452 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…1995; Desimone, 1996; Buckner et al., 1998a,b; Wiggs and Martin, 1998; Maccotta and Buckner, 2004; Law et al., 2005; Grill-Spector et al., 2006; Schacter et al., 2007) as well as increases (Konishi et al., 2000; McDermott et al., 2000; Gonsalves et al., 2005; Law et al., 2005; Wagner et al.…”
BackgroundMethodScene Representations in Parahippocampal Cortex Depend on Temporal Context
Turk‐Browne, N. B., Simon, M. G., & Sederberg, P. B. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0942-12.2012 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Moreover, behavioral priming is often more correlated with RA in prefrontal cortex than in visual cortex (Schacter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundDissociating Task Performance from fMRI Repetition Attenuation in Ventral Visual Cortex
Yaoda Xu, A., Turk‐Browne, N. B., & Chun, M. M. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5527-06.2007 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“These results also indicate that the neural mechanisms underlying fMRI repetition attenuation may be different across brain regions, consistent with Schacter et al. (2007).”
ResultKróliczak, G., McAdam, T. D., Quinlan, D. J., & Culham, J. C. (2008) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01376.2007 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The neural correlates of conceptual and perceptual false recognitionPreprint
Garoff-Eaton, R. J., Kensinger, E. A., & Schacter, D. L. (2007) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.695707 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Schendan, H. E., & Ganis, G. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00329 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“, 2006), and top-down processes from the frontal lobe, which support mental imagery, have been implicated in perceptual repetition priming (Schacter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundVoss, J. L., Federmeier, K. D., & Paller, K. A. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr315 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Stevens, W. D., Kahn, I., Wig, G. S., & Schacter, D. L. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr273 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A single-system account of the relationship between priming, recognition, and fluency.
Berry, C. J., Shanks, D. R., & Henson, R. N. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.1.97 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Pourtois, G., Schwartz, S., Spiridon, M., Martuzzi, R., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn210 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“At the brain level, a reduction in neuronal activity is observed for repeated exposures relative to initial presentations, a phenomenon known as neural priming (Schacter et al. 2007), adaptation (Grill-Spector and Malach 2001), or repetition suppression (Desimone 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialLearning and Recognition of a Non-conscious Sequence of Events in Human Primary Visual Cortex
Rosenthal, C. R., Andrews, S. K., Antoniades, C. A., Kennard, C., & Soto, D. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.040 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the non-conscious recognition effect seen here is distinguished from other non-conscious forms of memory, such as repetition priming, because repetition-related occipital fluency effects (1) are often unrelated to behavior [40], (2) if present, only prime a particular response such as identification [41],…”
BackgroundWig, G. S., Buckner, R. L., & Schacter, D. L. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.91213.2008 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous demonstrations of response learning (Dobbins et al. 2004; Schnyer et al. 2007), behavioral priming was significantly greater during classification of old objects while participants performed the same-decision relative to classification of old items when the response was…”
ResultSelf-citationEstablishing a relationship between activity reduction in human perirhinal cortex and priming
Voss, J. L., Hauner, K. K. Y., & Paller, K. A. (2009) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20608 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“visual cortex, and facilitated strategic processing in left prefrontal cortex (Schacter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundKim, H. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23492 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…multiple network configuration supports the hypothesis that the repetition suppression effects observed across the diverse cortical regions reflect multiple distinct mechanisms operating somewhat independently rather than as a single unitary process [Henson, 2016; r 1903 r Schacter et al., 2007].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialObject repetition leads to local increases in the temporal coordination of neural responses
Gilbert, J. R. (2010) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00030 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Zhang, J. X., Fang, Z., Du, Y., Kong, L., Zhang, Q., & Xing, Q. (2012) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11434-011-4932-y · Cited by 56 · see citing works
A role for the perceptual representation memory system in category learning
CASALE, M. B., & Ashby, F. G. (2008) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/pp.70.6.983 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“On the other hand, such deactivations are typically not correlated with behavioral measures ( Schacter, Wig, & Stevens, 2007 ), so the neuroimaging data do not speak to the question of whether the PRS is mediating prototype distortion learning.”
BackgroundNeural signatures of test-potentiated learning in parietal cortex
Nelson, S. M., Arnold, K. M., Gilmore, A. W., & McDermott, K. B. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0960-13.2013 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“This pattern would be similar to findings in the implicit memory literature, in which repeated processing of items is accompanied by “repetition suppression,” sometimes also referred to as “neural priming” (Buckner et al., 2000; Schacter et al., 2007).”
ResultThe time course of repetition effects for familiar faces and objects: An ERP study
Guillaume, C., Guillery‐Girard, B., Chaby, L., Lebreton, K., Hugueville, L., Eustache, F., & Fiori, N. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.069 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Moreover, some authors have demonstrated that only certain neural repetition effects are specifically correlated with behavioural priming (see Schacter et al., 2007 for review).”
BackgroundCognitive function in normal aging and in older adults with mild cognitive impairment
Ballesteros, S., Mayas, J., & Reales, J. (2013) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2012.181 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) studies of repetition priming when a fully attended stimulus was presented at encoding found reduced brain activation for repeated visual stimuli compared to new stimuli in brain areas that code for repeated stimulus properties (Schacter et al., 2007; Henson, 2003).”
BackgroundBallesteros, S., Avilés, J. M. R., Mayas, J., & Heller, M. A. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1441-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“This reduction in activation has been referred to as ‘‘repetition suppression’’ (RS) and has been associated with repetition priming (see Henson 2003; Schacter et al. 2007; Vuilleumier et al. 2005).”
BackgroundFunctional Magnetic Resonance Adaptation in Visual Neuroscience
Weigelt, S., Muckli, L. F., & Kohler, A. (2008) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2008.19.4-5.363 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Escaping the Past: Contributions of the Hippocampus to Future Thinking and Imagination
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Szpunar, K. K. (2017) · The Hippocampus from Cells to Systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50406-3_14 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…phase) in a core network of regions that was similarly active when participants remembered the past and imagined the future, including medial prefrontal, medial temporal, and posterior parietal cortices (for discussion of this core network, see Benoit and Schacter 2015; Schacter et al. 2007a).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMultiple Forms of Learning Yield Temporally Distinct Electrophysiological Repetition Effects
Race, E., Badre, D., & Wagner, A. D. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp233 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Emberson, L. L., Cannon, G., Palmeri, H., Richards, J. E., & Aslin, R. Ν. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.11.002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The other mechanism “primarily reflects hanges in the prefrontal cortex [and these changes] drive behavoral priming effects in a top-down manner” (Schacter et al., 2007, .”
InfluentialHow the Neuroscience of Decision Making Informs Our Conception of Autonomy
Felsen, G., & Reiner, P. B. (2011) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2011.580489 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“To address this question, we briefly apply the principles discussed earlier to decisions made in four contexts in which autonomy has been a topic of debate.”
MethodKupers, R. C., & Ptito, M. (2011) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53355-5.00002-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Recollective performance advantages for implicit memory tasks
Sheldon, S., & Moscovitch, M. (2010) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2010.499876 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“To reconcile these discrepant findings, Schacter, Wig, and Stevens ( 2007 ; see also Shacter, et al, 2004) proposed two different types of priming: one that relies on cortical-perceptual representations, independent of the MTL or explicit memory, and another that relies on MTL-based operations which are involved in es…”
Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
Slotnick, S. D. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316026687 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Jiang, J., Brashier, N. M., & Egner, T. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2957-15.2015 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Moreover, selective stimulus category binding effects were observed in posterior frontal cortex, notably including inferior frontal gyrus, which has in the past been implicated in the priming of concepts and abstract features (Schacter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundA critical role of the human hippocampus in an electrophysiological measure of implicit memory
Addante, R. J. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.069 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“In support of this view is that the negative ERP effect in patients resembles repetition suppression effects seen in other modalities (Buckner et al., 1995; Dobbins et al., 2004; Gotts et al., 2012a,b; Schacter et al., 2007; Wig et al., 2005; Henson, 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGagnepain, P., Henson, R. N., Chételat, G., Desgranges, B., Lebreton, K., & Eustache, F. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21454 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Priming normally elicits reduced activity in the cortical regions associated with processing those stimuli, a reduction that is often attributed to more efficient processing (eg, Schacter, Wig, & Stevens, 2007 ; Henson, 2003 ).”
BackgroundSoto, D., Llewelyn, D., & Silvanto, J. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6243-11.2012 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Repetition attenuation in visual cortex is very specific to the properties of the visual representation and has not been associated with high-level priming and behavioral response facilitation (Schacter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundLucas, H. D., Taylor, J. R., Henson, R. N., & Paller, K. A. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.036 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Indeed, priming is known to have multiple subtypes driven by dissociable forms of fluency, the most well-studied of which are conceptual and perceptual fluency (Henson, 2003; Schacter, Wig, & Stevens, 2007).”
Ageing, cognition, and neuroscience: An introduction
Ballesteros, S., Nilsson, L., & Lemaire, P. (2009) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440802598339 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Research on implicit memory has interested cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists for many years because empirical findings have shown consistently that this type of memory assessed by repetition priming is dissociable of explicit memory measures such a recognition or recall (eg, Cooper, Schacter, Ballesteros, &…”
BackgroundKim, H. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Sugiura, M., Mano, Y., Sasaki, A. T., & Sadato, N. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21469 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This region has been shown tobeessentialfortherepetitionprimingeffect(Thieletal., 2005; Wig, Grafton, Demos, & Kelley, 2005) and seems to play a role in linking retrieved person-selective information with behavioral responses(Wig, Buckner,& Schacter, 2009; Schacter, Wig, & Stevens, 2007 ).”
BackgroundBallesteros, S., Bischof, G. N., Goh, J. O. S., & Park, D. C. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.09.019 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“processes, as a reflection of more efficient neural processing when encountering the same visual information again (Grill-Spector et al., 2006; Henson, 2003; Martin, 2007; Schacter et al., 2007; Wig et al., 2009).”
BackgroundReal-Time Neural Signals of Perceptual Priming with Unfamiliar Geometric Shapes
Voss, J. L., & Paller, K. A. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0403-10.2010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Priming in the visual modality has been associated with changes in neural processing in extrastriate visual cortex (Wiggs and Martin, 1998; Henson, 2003; Schacter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFriese, U., Supp, G. G., Hipp, J. F., Engel, A. K., & Gruber, T. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.073 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Schacter et al. (2007) proposed that, for visual stimuli, perceptual cortices show a gradient of stimulus specificity with greater specificity occurring in posterior regions compared to more anterior sites.”
InfluentialGold, C. A., Marchant, N. L., Koutstaal, W., Schacter, D. L., & Budson, A. E. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.021 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Action-Based Learning of Multistate Objects in the Medial Temporal Lobe
Hindy, N. C., & Turk‐Browne, N. B. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv030 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“These studies consistently report attenuated activity in LO for repeated versus novel stimuli (Schacter et al. 2007), with growing evidence for increased repetition attenuation when repeated stimuli are expected versus unexpected (Summerfield et al. 2008; Larsson and Smith 2012); these latter…”
BackgroundDistinct Neural Suppression and Encoding Effects for Conceptual Novelty and Familiarity
Reggev, N., Bein, O., & Maril, A. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00994 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“(Schacter, Wig, & Stevens, 2007), novel pairs should be associated with increased RS.”
BackgroundAlzheimer's disease and implicit memory
Machado, S. E. D. C., da Cunha, M. M., Minc, D., Portella, C. E., Velasques, B., Basile, L., Cagy, M., Piedade, R. A. M., & Ribeiro, P. F. M. (2009) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2009000200034 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Word Semantics Is Processed Even without Attentional Effort
Relander, K., Pia Rämä, A., & Kujala, T. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21127 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Similarly, in fMRI studies, behavioral priming is associated with reduced activity in several cortical regions (e.g., Schacter, Wig, & Stevens, 2007; Henson, 2003).”
BackgroundMemory before and after H.M.: an impressionistic historical perspective
Moscovitch, M. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580286.003.0002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Remembering that big things sound big: Sound symbolism and associative memory
Preziosi, M. A., & Coane, J. H. (2017) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-016-0047-y · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Implicit Memory, Constructive Memory, and Imagining the Future: A Career Perspective
Schacter, D. L. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618803640 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Enhancement and suppression in a lexical interference fMRI‐paradigm
Abel, S., Dressel, K., Weiller, C., & Huber, W. (2012) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.31 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Moreover, the behavioral effect in conceptual priming has shown to be associated with repetition suppression in left IFG (Wig et al. 2005; Orfanidou et al. 2006; Schacter et al. 2007); an according association with right IFG has also been reported (Bergerbest et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialAge differences in the neural correlates of novelty processing: The effects of item-relatedness
Bowman, C. R., & Dennis, N. A. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.006 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…that young, but not older adults recruited regions of early visual cortex for related novelty success given this region's importance to low-level visual processing that has been shown to support true memories, and speci fi cally true recollections (Dennis et al., 2012; Slotnick and Schacter, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLamy, D., Mudrik, L., & Deouell, L. Y. (2007) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.11.001 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Priming tool actions: Are real objects more effective primes than pictures?
Squires, S. D., Macdonald, S. N., Culham, J. C., & Snow, J. C. (2015) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4518-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Salimpoor, V. N., Chang, C. E., & Menon, V. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21234 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“No brain regions showed significantly greater activation during the repeat compared with the novel stimulus presentation.”
BackgroundNeural mechanisms of repetition priming of familiar and globally unfamiliar visual objects
Soldan, A., Habeck, C. G., Gazes, Y., & Stern, Y. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.071 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
FMRI adaptation during performance of learned arbitrary visuomotor conditional associations
Chouinard, P. A., & Goodale, M. A. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.020 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…(e.g. Dinstein et al., 2007; Chouinard et al., 2009) as well as in highlevel cognitive operations such as those involved in memory and language (for review, see Schacter et al., 2007), action recognition (Chong et al., 2008; Lingnau et al., 2009), and illusory percepts (Chouinard et al., 2009).”
- Authors
- Schacter, D. L., Wig, G. S., & Stevens, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schacter, Daniel L
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 171-176
- ISSN
- 0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2015144099
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG 08441)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 060941, R01MH060941)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- behavioral priming, prefrontal cortex, stimulus specificity
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Decision Making, Humans, Memory, Perception, Physical Stimulation, Unconscious, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
