The DOI matches its Crossref record; 111 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 52 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents
Open accessAbstract
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) are defined as mixtures of certain molar ratios of natural compounds such as sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and organic bases that are abundant in organisms. The melting points of these mixtures are considerably lower than those of their individual ingredients and far below ambient temperature. The first publications on the NADES concept in 2011 created a great expectation regarding their potential as green solvents that could replace conventional organic solvents in a wide range of applications. This was largely because many of the drawbacks of conventional synthetic ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), particularly their toxicity and environmental hazards, could be solved using NADESs. Throughout the last 7 years, the interest in NADESs has increased enormously as reflected by the exponential growth of the number of related publications. The research on NADESs has rapidly expanded particularly into the evaluation of the feasibility of their application in diverse fields such as the extraction of (targeted) bioactive compounds from natural sources, as media for enzymatic or chemical reactions, preservatives of labile compounds, or as vehicles of non–water-soluble compounds for pharmaceutical purposes. Along with the exploration of these potential applications, there have been a large number of other studies related to their physicochemical features, the search for new NADESs, the research into the interactions between NADES components or with solutes, the recovery of solutes from NADES solutions, and the ways of circumventing inherent problems of NADESs such as their high viscosity and the consequent difficulties in handling them. This article contains a review of the applications of NADESs as extraction solvents, reaction media, and preservative, providing also a perspective of their future.
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“These reports confirm the high solubility of compounds in NADESs has a positive effect on bioavailability.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 6. Application of NADESs to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food
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In the paper
“With NADES as a cosolvent, the production yield of vanillin was increased by 142%.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 4. NADESs as media for enzymatic processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] [12] Yang, T.-X.; Zhao, L.-Q.; Wang, J.; Song, G.-L.; Liu, H.-M.; Cheng, H.; Yang, Z. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5 (2017), pp. 5713-5722 source
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In the paper
“However, as in the previous example, better results have been achieved with betaine than with choline chloride-based NADESs [11].”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 4. NADESs as media for enzymatic processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] [11] Khodaverdian, S.; Dabirmanesh, B.; Heydari, A.; Dashtban-moghadam, E.; Khajeh, K.; Ghazi, F. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 107 (2018), pp. 2574-2579 source
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In the paper
“The subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of this biomass showed a saccharification efficiency of 36.0 ± 3.2% as evaluated by both FTIR and HPLC analysis [14].”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 4. NADESs as media for enzymatic processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] [14] Kumar, A.K.; Parikh, B.S.; Pravakar, M. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23 (2016), pp. 9265-9275 source
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In the paper
“The tested NADESs exhibited low cytotoxicity, making them good candidates for green extraction solvents in novel applications in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry [93].”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 3. Concept of NADESs and their applications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] [93] Radošević, K.; Ćurko, N.; Srček, V.G.; Bubalo, M.C.; Tomašević, M.; Ganić, K.K.; Redovniković, I.R. LWT-Food Sci. Technol., 73 (2016), pp. 45-51 source
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In the paper
“They also reported a pharmacokinetic study in mice that revealed that the administration of an NADES solution of rutin resulted in higher and more persistent levels of rutin in plasma as measured by LCMS/MS [101]”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 6. Application of NADESs to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] [101] Faggian, M.; Sut, S.; Perissutti, B.; Baldan, V.; Grabnar, I.; Dall'Acqua, S. Molecules, 21 (2016), pp. 1531-1542 source
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In the paper
“In addition, the photostability of this compound formulated in undiluted NADESs was higher than in conventional solvents [15].”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 6. Application of NADESs to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] [15] Wikene, K.O.; Bruzell, E.; Tønnesen, H.H. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 148 (2015), pp. 188-196 source
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In the paper
“Hydrogen bonding is the basis of the dissolving power of NADESs [65].”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 3. Concept of NADESs and their applications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] [65] Zhang, Q.; De Oliveira Vigier, K.; Royer, S.; Jérôme, F. Chem. Soc. Rev., 41 (2012), pp. 7108-7146 source
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In the paper
“The berberine plasma levels achieved with NADES formulations were also significantly higher than those of an aqueous suspension [102].”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 6. Application of NADESs to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] [102] Sut, S.; Faggian, M.; Baldan, V.; Poloniato, G.; Castagliuolo, I.; Grabnar, I.; Perissutti, B. Molecules, 22 (2017), pp. 1921-1932 source
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In the paper
“The results indicated that berberine solubility in prolineemalic acid (2:1), prolineeurea (2:1), and prolineemalic acidelactic acidewater (1:0.2:0.3:0.5, w/w) was higher than in water and ethanol.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 6. Application of NADESs to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] [102] Sut, S.; Faggian, M.; Baldan, V.; Poloniato, G.; Castagliuolo, I.; Grabnar, I.; Perissutti, B. Molecules, 22 (2017), pp. 1921-1932 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The data obtained with the in vitro toxicity test on cell lines indicated a low toxicity for choline chloride:glucose and choline chloride:glycerol (EC 50 >10 mM for both cell lines), whereas moderate cytotoxicity was observed for choline chloride:oxalic acid (EC 50 value 1.64 and 4.19 mM for fish and human cell line, respectively).”
- Also stated in: § 3. Concept of NADESs and their applications · plain
“The phytotoxicity tests showed that the tested NADESs were nontoxic for seed germination (EC 50 >5000 mg/L) [92].”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 3. Concept of NADESs and their applications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] [92] Radošević, K.; Bubalo, M.C.; Srček, V.G.; Grgas, D.; Dragičević, T.L.; Redovniković, I.R. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 112 (2015), pp. 46-53 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § 3. Concept of NADESs and their applications · plain
In the paper
“The cytotoxicity of a few tailor-made NADESs was also tested with in vitro assays using two human cell lines (MCF-7 and HeLa).”
- Also stated in: § 3. Concept of NADESs and their applications · plain
“The tested NADESs exhibited low cytotoxicity”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 3. Concept of NADESs and their applications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] [93] Radošević, K.; Ćurko, N.; Srček, V.G.; Bubalo, M.C.; Tomašević, M.; Ganić, K.K.; Redovniković, I.R. LWT-Food Sci. Technol., 73 (2016), pp. 45-51 source
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 3. Concept of NADESs and their applications · plain
In the paper
“Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) are mixtures of natural compounds, namely, organic acids and bases, amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, and polyalcohols that interact through hydrogen bonding and liquefy if combined in specific molar ratios.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) are defined as mixtures of certain molar ratios of natural compounds such as sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and organic bases that are abundant in organisms.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] [1] Choi, Y.H.; van Spronsen, J.; Dai, Y.; Verberne, M.; Hollmann, F.; Arends, I.W.C.E.; Witkamp, G.-J.; Verpoorte, R. Plant Physiol., 156 (2011), pp. 1701-1705 source
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among other features this implies, in our view, the presence of different levels of water in NADESs, which strongly affect the physicalechemical properties of the NADES.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 3. Concept of NADESs and their applications
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results demonstrated that gluten was best solubilized in dilute fructose:citric acid with the additional advantage that citric acid could prevent gluten oxidation.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 5. Application of NADESs to solubilize macromolecules
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] [98] Lores, H.; Romero, V.; Costas, I.; Bendicho, C.; Lavilla, I. Talanta, 162 (2017), pp. 453-459 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Choline chloride, betaine, sugar alcohol, and sugars are the NADES components that are usually used in enzymatic reactions because they increase the yield and the enzyme stability, as compared to other components such as organic acids [12].”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 4. NADESs as media for enzymatic processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] [12] Yang, T.-X.; Zhao, L.-Q.; Wang, J.; Song, G.-L.; Liu, H.-M.; Cheng, H.; Yang, Z. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5 (2017), pp. 5713-5722 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most DESs are also biodegradable, nonreactive with water, but unlike most ILs, these solvents usually have acceptable toxicity profiles.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 2. Solid mixtures become liquid: ILs, DESs, and NADESs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] [2] Dai, Y.; van Spronsen, J.; Witkamp, G.-J.; Verpoorte, R.; Choi, Y.H. Anal. Chim. Acta, 766 (2013), pp. 61-68 source
- Not checked yetcites [61] [61] Abbott, A.P.; Boothby, D.; Capper, G.; Davies, D.L.; Rasheed, R.K. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126 (2004), pp. 9142-9147 source
- Not checked yetcites [65] [65] Zhang, Q.; De Oliveira Vigier, K.; Royer, S.; Jérôme, F. Chem. Soc. Rev., 41 (2012), pp. 7108-7146 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“So far, different researchers have proposed more than 150 NADES combinations [2e6].”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2e6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Following the first publications on NADESs, they have been actively applied in diverse chemical processes, especially in the extraction of natural ingredients [4,7e9], as media for enzymatic or chemical reactions [10e13], to solubilize macromolecules such as polysaccharides and lignins [14] or nonewater-soluble drugs for pharmaceutical purposes [15 e17]”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4,7e9]
- Not checked yetcites [10e13]
- Not checked yetcites [15 e17]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Faggian et al. [101] reported that NADESs composed of prolineeglutamic acid (2:1) and prolineecholine chloride (1:1) efficiently dissolved rutin, a flavonoid used as a nutraceutical for its health-promoting activity.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 6. Application of NADESs to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] [101] Faggian, M.; Sut, S.; Perissutti, B.; Baldan, V.; Grabnar, I.; Dall'Acqua, S. Molecules, 21 (2016), pp. 1531-1542 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, what distinguishes NADESs from other DESs made of natural ingredients, such as low-melting mixtures, low transition temperature mixtures, and bio-ILs, is that the latter do not necessarily have a biological and physiological role in living organisms.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 3. Concept of NADESs and their applications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
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In the paper
“The natural origin of the components (mainly plant primary metabolites, which are taken daily from vegetables or fruit) gives NADESs a great edge over synthetic ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), because they are clearly less toxic and more environmentally friendly.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 1. Introduction
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In the paper
“Natural DESs or ILs, known as NADESs, have been proposed as a different alternative for two reasons: their ingredients are sourced from nature and they are believed to have a real physiological or biological role in nature.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 3. Concept of NADESs and their applications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] [1] Choi, Y.H.; van Spronsen, J.; Dai, Y.; Verberne, M.; Hollmann, F.; Arends, I.W.C.E.; Witkamp, G.-J.; Verpoorte, R. Plant Physiol., 156 (2011), pp. 1701-1705 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The mentioned drawbacks of ILs and DESs, that is, high viscosity and virtually no vapor pressure prevail in NADESs, resulting in some challenges for the analysis of NADES extracts in certain cases.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 7. Conclusions and perspectives
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The diverse applications of NADESs include extraction, enzymatic reaction media, dissolution of nonewater-soluble compounds, and a delivery system or media for drugs and cosmetics, among others”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 7. Conclusions and perspectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
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In the paper
“There are many examples that seem to bear a great similarity with NADESs such as mixing sugar-rich plants (Glycyrrhiza glabra roots or honey) with bioactive plants.This would imply that inadvertently, the NADES concept has been used for a long time in traditional medicine systems.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 7. Conclusions and perspectives
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, drought, desiccation, and cold resistance are always reported to be connected with a high level of osmolytes.Osmolytes encompass all the compounds found to form NADESs [1].”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 6.1. Occurrence of NADESs in nature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] [1] Choi, Y.H.; van Spronsen, J.; Dai, Y.; Verberne, M.; Hollmann, F.; Arends, I.W.C.E.; Witkamp, G.-J.; Verpoorte, R. Plant Physiol., 156 (2011), pp. 1701-1705 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For large-scale processes, the challenge is how to deal with highly viscous nonvolatile solutions of pure compounds or extracts.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 7. Conclusions and perspectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Summarizing the properties of NADESs, the advantages are their selectivity as solvents for all kinds of compounds, particularly of medium polarity, which are often difficult to dissolve; a virtual zero vapor pressure, which means no losses through evaporation, and low flammability; low toxicity, which allows application in food, cosmetics, agrochemicals, and medicines; increased stability of comp”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 7. Conclusions and perspectives
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: NADES components are safe, nontoxic, and edible.
In the paper
“Rozema et al. [82] found that a combination of 1,2-propanediolecholine chlorideewater increased the solubility of salsalate in cell culture medium (T37i) allowing the assay of a full doseeresponse curve.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 6. Application of NADESs to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] [82] Rozema, E.; Van Dam, A.D.; Sips, H.C.M.; Verpoorte, R.; Meijer, O.C.; Kooijman, S.; Choi, Y.H. RSC Adv., 5 (2015), pp. 61398-61401 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In one case, the analysis of the aleurone tissue of barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare) by 1 H NMR spectroscopy showed that the major low mass molecules were sucrose and choline and that they were present in approximately equimolar amounts.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 6.1. Occurrence of NADESs in nature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] [1] Choi, Y.H.; van Spronsen, J.; Dai, Y.; Verberne, M.; Hollmann, F.; Arends, I.W.C.E.; Witkamp, G.-J.; Verpoorte, R. Plant Physiol., 156 (2011), pp. 1701-1705 source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The combination of betaine monohydrateeglycerol (1:8) was the most selective with a distribution coefficient of palmitic acid of 0.52 (g/L)(g/L) À1 and the lowest distribution coefficient of antioxidants, as observed by HPLC and NMR [20].”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 6. Application of NADESs to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] [20] Zahrina, I.; Nasikin, M.; Krisanti, E.; Mulia, K. Food Chem., 240 (2018), pp. 490-495 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If pure compounds are to be isolated from NADES extracts, in some cases it is necessary to find novel methods to eliminate the solvent as it cannot be evaporated.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 7. Conclusions and perspectives
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, considering the distinctive characteristics of NADESs, that is, their biological role in nature, their potential for a large number of applications in biotechnology or biological engineering is extremely promising.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 7. Conclusions and perspectives
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: NADESs exist as a third liquid phase in cells of all organisms.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All NADESs are made of hydrophilic or polar ingredients, a fact that should theoretically limit their application to hydrophilic compounds.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 7. Conclusions and perspectives
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So far, NADES extracts have been mainly analyzed using HPLC-DAD, a method that allows only the detection of compounds with UV/vis chromophore because other available HPLC detectors could be incompatible with NADES components.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 7. Conclusions and perspectives
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which are cheap, safe, nontoxic, environmentally friendly, and sustainable.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 7. Conclusions and perspectives
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: NADES components are safe, nontoxic, and edible.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is in line with the experimental data obtained related to the water content of NADESs that showed its significant effect on their solubilizing capacity and the reduction of their viscosity [2,94].”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 6.1. Occurrence of NADESs in nature
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
ILs and DESs have toxicity and environmental hazards that NADESs can solve.
“This was largely because many of the drawbacks of conventional synthetic ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), particularly their toxicity and environmental hazards, could be solved using NADESs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
NADESs have a real physiological or biological role in living organisms.
“Natural DESs or ILs, known as NADESs, have been proposed as a different alternative for two reasons: their ingredients are sourced from nature and they are believed to have a real physiological or biological role in nature.”
The paper relies on this without support.
NADES components are safe, nontoxic, and edible.
“As mentioned above, the fact that NADES components are safe, nontoxic, and even edible, allows NADESs to be considered for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food applications”
The paper relies on this without support.
NADESs can dissociate in contact with biofluids, allowing dissolved compounds to precipitate.
“However, before considering NADESs as drug delivery systems, it is important to bear in mind that they might dissociate in contact with biofluids.Thus, even if a compound was totally dissolved in an NADES, it could precipitate when the NADES dissociates in the organism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
NADESs have lower reactivity than ILs.
“considering the low reactivity of NADESs compared to that of ILs.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
NADESs exist as a third liquid phase in cells of all organisms.
“In our first article [1], we introduced the hypothesis of NADESs as a third liquid phase in cells of all organisms, presenting indirect evidence for their presence in plants.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The development of HDES is a major breakthrough in analytical chemistry since DES and NADES are theoretically and practically limited to the extraction of only hydrophilic or polar compounds [48].”
From Recent Advances in Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“NADES can be used as solubilization agents for macromolecules and as media for enzymatic reactions [48].”
From Recent Advances in Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“The development of HDES is a major breakthrough in analytical chemistry since DES and NADES are theoretically and practically limited to the extraction of only hydrophilic or polar compounds [48].”
From Recent Advances in Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 6. Application of NADESs to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food
“The results indicated that berberine solubility in prolineemalic acid (2:1), prolineeurea (2:1), and prolineemalic acidelactic acidewater (1:0.2:0.3:0.5, w/w) was higher than in water and ethanol.”
§ Account/Revue Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents > 7. Conclusions and perspectives
“| Prolineemalic acid (1:1) | Berberine | Increased solubility and bioavailability | [102] | | Prolineeurea (1:1) | | | |”
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“[48] looked into the evolution of NADES from ionic liquids and DES, and further expanded on the applications of NADES in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and agricultural settings.”
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“Recently, NADES research has provided an extraction solvent for bioactive compounds, a medium for enzymatic and chemical reactions, and a solvent for macromolecules such as lignins, polysaccharides, and water-insoluble compounds [59].”
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“High viscous NADES solutions, which can impede extraction rate and time, can be mitigated by high temperatures and/or a small proportion of co-solvent, such as water [22].”
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“Over the past few years, DES have gained significant attention because of their high prospect as green solvents, since they are characterized by almost complete absence of toxicity, recyclability, and biodegradability [8].”
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Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Vanda, H., Dai, Y., Wilson, E. G., Verpoorte, R., & Choi, Y. H.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Choi, Young Hae
- Venue
- Comptes Rendus. Chimie
- Publisher
- MathDoc/Centre Mersenne
- Published
- 2018-05-10
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 628-638
- ISSN
- 1631-0748 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-1543
- OpenAlex
- W2799658069
- Cited by
- 467
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 9.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Comptes Rendus Chimie (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Comptes Rendus Chimie (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Filtration and Separation › Chemical and Physical Properties in Aqueous Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
- Keywords
- natural deep eutectic solvents, green solvents, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, solvent toxicity, bioactive compound extraction, reaction media, pharmaceutical vehicles, viscosity, physicochemical properties, solute recovery
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