Cited by 5

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Functional evaluation of synbiotic combination of Kluyveromyces marxianus and Lentilactobacillus kefiri derived from milk kefir using multi-omics approaches

Lim, Se Hyun, Mun, Daye, Ryu, Sangdon, Kang, Min-Geun, Kang, Anna, Lee, Daniel Junpyo, Seo, Eunsol, Son, Seon-hui, Kim, Soyeon, Jang, Ki Beom, Kim, Bum-Keun, Park, Dong-Jun, Oh, Sangnam, Kim, Younghoon·2025·Current Research in Food Science

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.crfs.2025.101188

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 107

  1. Amrit, 2014, The C. elegans lifespan assay toolkit, Methods, 68, 465, 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.04.002 · DOI
  2. Anderson, 2003, Interaction of a free-living soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, with surrogates of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, J. Food Protect., 66, 1543, 10.4315/0362-028X-66.9.1543 · DOI
  3. Bankole, 2021, The relationship between mucins and ulcerative colitis: a systematic review, J. Clin. Med., 10, 1935, 10.3390/jcm10091935 · DOI
  4. Barbara, 2000, Interleukin 10 gene transfer prevents experimental colitis in rats, Gut, 46, 344, 10.1136/gut.46.3.344 · DOI
  5. Bedada, 2020, Probiotics for cancer alternative prevention and treatment, Biomed. Pharmacother., 129
  6. Bock, 2021, The effect of probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics on metabolic outcomes in individuals with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetologia, 64, 26, 10.1007/s00125-020-05295-1 · DOI
  7. Brenner, 1974, The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans, Genetics, 77, 71, 10.1093/genetics/77.1.71 · DOI
  8. Calder, 2006, Branched-chain amino acids and immunity, J. Nutr., 136, 288S, 10.1093/jn/136.1.288S · DOI
  9. Carasi, 2014, Safety characterization and antimicrobial properties of kefir‐isolated Lactobacillus kefiri, BioMed Res. Int., 2014, 10.1155/2014/208974 · DOI
  10. Carasi, 2015, Impact of kefir derived Lactobacillus kefiri on the mucosal immune response and gut microbiota, J. Immunol. Res., 10.1155/2015/361604 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Chassaing, 2014, Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-Induced colitis in mice, Curr. Protoc. Im., 104, 25 11
  12. Chelliah, 2021, In Vitro probiotic evaluation of saccharomyces boulardii with antimicrobial spectrum in a Caenorhabditis elegans model, Foods, 10, 1428, 10.3390/foods10061428 · DOI
  13. Chen, 2017, Prevent effects of Lactobacillus fermentum HY01 on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice, Nutrients, 9, 545, 10.3390/nu9060545 · DOI
  14. Cho, 2024, Antimicrobial activity of Pediococcus pentosaceus strains against diarrheal pathogens isolated from pigs and effect on paracellular permeability of HT-29 cells, J. Anim. Sci. Technol.
  15. Choi, 2023, Molecular characterization and functionality of rumen-derived extracellular vesicles using a Caenorhabditis elegans animal model, J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 65, 652, 10.5187/jast.2022.e124 · DOI
  16. Choi, 2025, Exploring synergistic effect of bacteriophages with probiotics against multidrug resistant Salmonella typhimurium in a simulated chicken gastrointestinal system using metagenomic-and culturomic approaches, J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 10.5187/jast.2025.e30 · DOI
  17. da Silva, 2023, Effects of kefir fermented milk beverage on sodium dextran sulfate (DSS)-Induced colitis in rats, Heliyon, 9
  18. Dertli, 2017, Microbial diversity of traditional kefir grains and their role on kefir aroma, LWT--Food Sci. Technol., 85, 151, 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.07.017 · DOI
  19. Di Stefano, 2023, A reciprocal link between oral, gut microbiota during periodontitis: the potential role of probiotics in reducing dysbiosis-induced inflammation, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24, 1084, 10.3390/ijms24021084 · DOI
  20. Duary, 2012, Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory efficacy of Indigenous probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Lp91 in colitis mouse model, Mol. Biol. Rep., 39, 4765, 10.1007/s11033-011-1269-1 · DOI
  21. Fischbach, 2018, Microbiome: focus on causation and mechanism, Cell, 174, 785, 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.038 · DOI
  22. Garrote, 2001, Chemical and microbiological characterisation of kefir grains, J. Dairy Res., 68, 639, 10.1017/S0022029901005210 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Ghidini, 2021, Lactobacillus kefiri LKF01 (kefibios®) for prevention of diarrhoea in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy: a prospective study, Nutrients, 13, 385, 10.3390/nu13020385 · DOI
  24. Golowczyc, 2007, Protective action of lactobacillus Kefir carrying S-layer protein against Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 118, 264, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.042 · DOI
  25. Gomes, 1999, Bifidobacterium spp. and lactobacillus Acidophilus: biological, biochemical, technological and therapeutical properties relevant for use as probiotics, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 10, 139, 10.1016/S0924-2244(99)00033-3 · DOI · Paper page
  26. González-Orozco, 2023, Enhanced probiotic potential of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens OSU-BDGOA1 through co-culture with Kluyveromyces marxianus bdgo-ym6, Front. Microbiol., 14, 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236634 · DOI
  27. Goyal, 2014, Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease: a review, Inflammopharmacology, 22, 219, 10.1007/s10787-014-0207-y · DOI
  28. Gu, 2022, Saccharomyces Boulardii, a yeast probiotic, inhibits gut motility through upregulating intestinal serotonin transporter and modulating gut microbiota, Pharmacol. Res., 181, 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106291 · DOI
  29. Guangsen, 2021, Microbial diversity and volatile metabolites of kefir prepared by different milk types, CyTA-J. Food., 19, 399, 10.1080/19476337.2021.1912190 · DOI
  30. Heo, 2018, Comparative genome analysis and evaluation of probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum strain JDFM LP11. Korean, J. Food. Sci. Anim. Resour., 38, 878, 10.5851/kosfa.2018.e21 · DOI
  31. Hossain, 2022, Optimisation of an agar overlay assay for the assessment of the antimicrobial activity of topically applied semi-solid antiseptic products including honey-based formulations, J. Microbiol. Methods, 202, 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106596 · DOI
  32. Jo, 2024, Effects of supplemental bacteriophage on the gut microbiota and nutrient digestibility of ileal-cannulated pigs, J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 66, 340, 10.5187/jast.2023.e96 · DOI
  33. Jose, 1973, Quantitative effects of nutritional essential amino acid deficiency upon immune responses to tumors in mice, J. Exp. Med., 137, 1, 10.1084/jem.137.1.1 · DOI
  34. Kang, 2024, Integrative analysis of probiotic-mediated remodeling in canine gut microbiota and metabolites using a fermenter for an intestinal microbiota model, Food. Sci. Ani. Resour., 44, 1080, 10.5851/kosfa.2024.e41 · DOI
  35. Kang, 2025, A comprehensive assessment of immunomodulatory potentials of Korean antler velvet extract in mouse and neurodegenerative Caenorhabditis elegans models, J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 67, 421, 10.5187/jast.2024.e22 · DOI
  36. Kang, 2022, Culturomic-, metagenomic-, and transcriptomic-based characterization of commensal lactic acid bacteria isolated from domestic dogs using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for aging, J. Anim. Sci., 100, 10.1093/jas/skac323 · DOI
  37. Kazou, 2021, Zooming into the microbiota of home-made and industrial kefir produced in Greece using classical microbiological and amplicon-based metagenomics analyses, Front. Microbiol., 12, 10.3389/fmicb.2021.621069 · DOI
  38. Kim, 2016, Antimicrobial activity of kefir against various food pathogens and spoilage bacteria, Korean J. Food. Sci. Ani. Resour., 36, 787, 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.6.787 · DOI
  39. Kim, 2020, Microbial composition of Korean kefir and antimicrobial activity of Acetobacter fabarum DH1801, J. Food Saf., 40, 10.1111/jfs.12728 · DOI
  40. Kimball, 2006, Signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms through which branched-chain amino acids mediate translational control of protein synthesis, J. Nutr., 136, 227S, 10.1093/jn/136.1.227S · DOI
  41. Kunyeit, 2021, Secondary metabolites from food-derived yeasts inhibit virulence of Candida albicans, mBio, 12
  42. Kwak, 2024, A refined comparative mouse model of acute and chronic atopic dermatitis, J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 67, 636, 10.5187/jast.2024.e93 · DOI
  43. Kwak, 2022, Dietary effects of sophorolipids on nutrient bioavailability and intestinal microenvironments in broiler chickens, J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 64, 1092, 10.5187/jast.2022.e76 · DOI
  44. Kyoung, 2025, Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum improved growth performance of weaned pigs by enhancing intestinal health and modulating immune responses, J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 10.5187/jast.2025.e22 · DOI
  45. Lacruz-Guzman, 2013, Influence of polymorphisms and TNF and IL1beta serum concentration on the Infliximab response in crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 69, 431, 10.1007/s00228-012-1389-0 · DOI
  46. Lee, 2024, Molecular characterization of fusarium venenatum-based microbial protein in animal models of obesity using multi-omics analysis, Commun. Biol., 7, 133, 10.1038/s42003-024-05791-9 · DOI
  47. Lee, 2011, Evaluation of probiotic characteristics of newly isolated lactobacillus spp.: immune modulation and longevity, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 148, 80, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.003 · DOI · Paper page
  48. Lee, 2021, The gut microbiome: what the oncologist ought to know, Br. J. Cancer, 125, 1197, 10.1038/s41416-021-01467-x · DOI
  49. Lee, 2015, Intestinal permeability regulation by tight junction: implication on inflammatory bowel diseases, Int. Res., 13, 11
  50. Lee, 2022, Molecular characterization of gut microbiome in weaning pigs supplemented with multi-strain probiotics using metagenomic, culturomic, and metabolomic approaches, Anim. Microbiome., 4, 60, 10.1186/s42523-022-00212-w · DOI
  51. Leite, 2015, Probiotic potential of selected lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from Brazilian kefir grains, J. Dairy Sci., 98, 3622, 10.3168/jds.2014-9265 · DOI
  52. Liu, 2023, Tea (Camellia sinensis) ameliorates DSS-Induced colitis and liver injury by inhibiting TLR4/NF-kappaB/NLRP3 inflammasome in mice, Biomed. Pharmacother., 158, 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114136 · DOI
  53. Maccaferri, 2012, Potential probiotic Kluyveromyces marxianus B0399 modulates the immune response in Caco-2 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and impacts the human gut microbiota in an In Vitro colonic model system, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 78, 956, 10.1128/AEM.06385-11 · DOI
  54. Manichanh, 2012, The gut microbiota in IBD, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 9, 599, 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.152 · DOI · Paper page
  55. Martineau, 2021, Innate immunity in C. elegans, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol., 144, 309, 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.12.007 · DOI
  56. Menberu, 2022, In Vitro and In Vivo evaluation of probiotic properties of Corynebacterium accolens isolated from the human nasal cavity, Microbiol.l Res., 255
  57. Metwaly, 2020, Integrated microbiota and metabolite profiles link crohn's disease to sulfur metabolism, Nat. Commun., 11, 4322, 10.1038/s41467-020-17956-1 · DOI
  58. Meyer, 2010, Automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system for GC-MS screening for drugs, poisons, and metabolites in urine, Clin. Chem., 56, 575, 10.1373/clinchem.2009.135517 · DOI
  59. Miele, 2009, Effect of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 104, 437, 10.1038/ajg.2008.118 · DOI · Paper page
  60. Morampudi, 2016, The goblet cell-derived mediator RELM-Beta drives spontaneous colitis in Muc2-deficient mice by promoting commensal microbial dysbiosis. Mucosal, Immunol. Ser., 9, 1218
  61. Mukhopadhya, 2012, IBD-What role do proteobacteria play?, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 9, 219, 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.14 · DOI · Paper page
  62. Munyaka, 2016, Acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-Induced colitis promotes gut microbial dysbiosis in mice, J. Basic Microbiol., 56, 986, 10.1002/jobm.201500726 · DOI
  63. Ni, 2017, Gut microbiota and IBD: causation or correlation?, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 14, 573, 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.88 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Oh, 2018, Probiotic and anti-inflammatory potential of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 4B15 and Lactobacillus gasseri 4M13 isolated from infant feces, PLoS One, 13, 10.1371/journal.pone.0192021 · DOI
  65. Pang, 2024, MetaboAnalyst 6.0: towards a unified platform for metabolomics data processing, analysis and interpretation, Nucleic Acids Res., 52, W398, 10.1093/nar/gkae253 · DOI
  66. Pennacchia, 2006, Potential probiotic lactobacillus strains from fermented sausages: further investigations on their probiotic properties, Meat Sci., 73, 90, 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.10.019 · DOI
  67. Plessas, 2017, Microbiological exploration of different types of kefir grains, Fermentation, 3, 1, 10.3390/fermentation3010001 · DOI
  68. Podolsky, 2002, The current future understanding of inflammatory bowel disease, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol., 16, 933, 10.1053/bega.2002.0354 · DOI
  69. Ponomarova, 2017, Yeast creates a niche for symbiotic lactic acid bacteria through nitrogen overflow, Cell Syst., 5, 345, 10.1016/j.cels.2017.09.002 · DOI
  70. Pope, 2014, Claudin-1 regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis through the modulation of Notch-signalling, Gut, 63, 622, 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304241 · DOI
  71. Pundir, 2010, Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of Syzygium aromaticum and Allium sativum against food associated bacteria and fungi, Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 14, 344
  72. Rajoka, 2019, Characterization and anti-tumor activity of exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus kefiri isolated from Chinese kefir grains, J. Funct.Foods, 63
  73. Rigottier-Gois, 2013, Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel diseases: the oxygen hypothesis, ISME J., 7, 1256, 10.1038/ismej.2013.80 · DOI
  74. Rizzatti, 2017, Proteobacteria: a common factor in human diseases, BioMed Res. Int., 2017, 10.1155/2017/9351507 · DOI
  75. Samanta, 2012, Microbial fingerprinting detects unique bacterial communities in the faecal microbiota of rats with experimentally-induced colitis, J. Microbiol., 50, 218, 10.1007/s12275-012-1362-8 · DOI
  76. Sann, 2013, Efficacy of drugs used in the treatment of IBD and combinations thereof in acute DSS-Induced colitis in mice, Life Sci., 92, 708, 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.01.028 · DOI
  77. Sawada, 2013, Tight junction-related human diseases, Pathol. Int., 63, 1, 10.1111/pin.12021 · DOI
  78. Scott, 2019, Intra strain variation of the effects of gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens on intestinal colonization, host viability, and host response in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, Front. Microbiol., 10, 3113, 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03113 · DOI
  79. Shavit, 2008, Renewed interest in kefir, the ancient elixir of longevity, Fungi, 1, 14
  80. Shin, 2015, Proteobacteria: microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota, Trends Biotechnol., 33, 496, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.06.011 · DOI · Paper page
  81. Simova, 2006, Amino acid profiles of lactic acid bacteria, isolated from kefir grains and kefir starter made from them, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 107, 112, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.08.020 · DOI
  82. Sun, 2023, Parabacteroides distasonis ameliorates insulin resistance via activation of intestinal GPR109a, Nat. Commun., 14, 7740, 10.1038/s41467-023-43622-3 · DOI
  83. Tamboli, 2004, Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease, Gut, 53, 1, 10.1136/gut.53.1.1 · DOI · Paper page
  84. Tang, 2025, Amelioration of Kluyveromyces marxianus GY-8 on high-fat diet-induced obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis, Food Biosci., 10.1016/j.fbio.2025.106649 · DOI
  85. Taş, 2012, Identification of microbial flora in kefir grains produced in Turkey using PCR, Int. J. Dairy Technol., 65, 126, 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2011.00733.x · DOI
  86. Tlaskalova-Hogenova, 2011, The role of gut microbiota (Commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer: contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases, Cell. Mol. Immunol., 8, 110, 10.1038/cmi.2010.67 · DOI · Paper page
  87. Tzavaras, 2022, From milk kefir to water kefir: assessment of fermentation processes, microbial changes and evaluation of the produced beverages, Fermentation-Basel, 8, 135, 10.3390/fermentation8030135 · DOI
  88. Vallianou, 2020, Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and obesity: current evidence, controversies, and perspectives, Curr. Obes. Rep., 9, 179, 10.1007/s13679-020-00379-w · DOI
  89. Van der Sluis, 2006, Muc2-deficient mice spontaneously develop colitis, indicating that MUC2 is critical for colonic protection, Gastroenterology, 131, 117, 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.04.020 · DOI · Paper page
  90. Wang, 2023, Co-cultivation effects of Lactobacillus helveticus SNA12 and kluveromyces Marxiensis GY1 on the probiotic properties, flavor, and digestion in fermented milk, Food Res. Int., 169, 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112843 · DOI
  91. Wirtz, 2007, Mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 59, 1073, 10.1016/j.addr.2007.07.003 · DOI
  92. Xia, 2023, The effects of microbiota-targeted approaches in inflammatory bowel disease: probiotics, probiotic foods, and prebiotics, Curr. Opin. Food Sci., 49
  93. Xie, 2021, Systematic metabolic profiling of mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, J. Inflamm. Res., 14, 2941, 10.2147/JIR.S313374 · DOI
  94. Xie, 2012, Kefir yeasts enhance probiotic potentials of Lactobacillus paracasei H9: the positive effects of coaggregation between the two strains, Food Res. Int., 45, 394, 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.10.045 · DOI
  95. Xu, 2021, Dietary fatty acids in gut health: absorption, metabolism and function, Anim. Nutr., 7, 1337, 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.09.010 · DOI
  96. Xu, 2020, Ferroptosis involves in intestinal epithelial cell death in ulcerative colitis, Cell Death Dis., 11, 86, 10.1038/s41419-020-2299-1 · DOI
  97. Yan, 2023, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics reveals the potential mechanism of action of saikosaponin D against DSS-Induced acute ulcerative colitis, Phytochem. Lett., 57, 133, 10.1016/j.phytol.2023.08.005 · DOI
  98. Yang, 2019, Simple evaluation of Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis using Caenorhabditis elegans animal model, Food. Sci. Anim. Resour., 39, 84, 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e6 · DOI
  99. Ye, 2023, Prevention of DSS-Induced colitis in mice with water kefir microbiota via anti-inflammatory and microbiota-balancing activity, Food Funct., 14, 6813, 10.1039/D3FO00354J · DOI
  100. Yoo, 2022, Enhanced gamma-aminobutyric acid and sialic acid in fermented deer antler velvet and immune promoting effects, J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 64, 166, 10.5187/jast.2021.e132 · DOI
  101. Yoon, 2022, Multifunctional probiotic and functional properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5314, isolated from kimchi, J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 32, 72, 10.4014/jmb.2109.09025 · DOI
  102. Youn, 2022, Survivability of Kluyveromyces marxianus isolated from Korean kefir in a simulated gastrointestinal environment, Front. Microbiol., 13, 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842097 · DOI
  103. Youn, 2023, Gut microbiota modulation via short-term administration of potential probiotic kefir yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus A4 and A5 in BALB/c mice, Food Sci. Biotechnol., 32, 589, 10.1007/s10068-023-01268-3 · DOI
  104. Yu, 2022, Intestinal microbial composition changes induced by Lactobacillus plantarum GBL 16, 17 fermented feed and intestinal immune homeostasis regulation in pigs, J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 64, 1184, 10.5187/jast.2022.e89 · DOI
  105. Zhou, 2018, Regulation of intestinal health by branched‐chain amino acids, Anim. Sci. J., 89, 3, 10.1111/asj.12937 · DOI
  106. Zhou, 2014, Lactobacillus zeae protects Caenorhabditis elegans from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli-caused death by inhibiting enterotoxin gene expression of the pathogen, PLoS One, 9
  107. Zhou, 2008, NMDA receptors and colitis: basic science and clinical implications, Rev. Analg., 10, 33, 10.3727/154296108783994013 · DOI

Metadata

Authors
Lim, S. H., Mun, D., Ryu, S., Kang, M.-G., Kang, A., Lee, D. J., Seo, E., Son, S.-H., Kim, S., Jang, K. B., Kim, B.-K., Park, D.-J., Oh, S., & Kim, Y.
Venue
Current Research in Food Science
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2025
Volume
11
Pages
101188
ISSN
2665-9271
Cited by
5
References
1
Language
en
Funders
  • Rural Development Administration (RS-2023-00230754)
  • Korea Food Research Institute (E0211100-03)
  • Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea
  • Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
  • National Research Foundation of Korea

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review