Excessive use of disinfectants against COVID-19 posing a potential threat to living beings
Open accessAbstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan city of China in late December 2019 and identified as a novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On January 30, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus outbreak a global public health emergency. The rapid spread of the pathogen across the communities shock the entire population. As no existing therapy were available during the pandemic. Health professionals recommended frequent washing of hands with soap and alcohol-based sanitizers. Disinfectants were extensively sprayed to minimize the possibility of getting COVID-19. Despite the potential benefits of these germicidal agents against COVID-19. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers lead to dry skin, infection, and alcohol poisoning. Children are considered more prone to alcohol poisoning and other major health concern. Precautionary measures should be ensured to protect the community from the possible risk associated with disinfectants.
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Cross-resistance between disinfectants and antimicrobials has been reported for several disinfectants and is associated with a further increase in AMR during the pandemic period.
“The phenomenon of cross-resistance between disinfectants and antimicrobials has been reported for several disinfectants and is associated with a further increase in AMR during the pandemic period [5, 10, 11].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
The Methods section, “Antimicrobial resistance caused by overuse of hand sanitizer” (page unavailable), says excessive alcohol-based sanitizer use can lead to drug resistance and describes resistance to several sanitizer products. It does not establish cross-resistance between disinfectants and antimicrobials for several disinfectants, or document a further increase in AMR during the pandemic. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChemical disinfectants have high environmental impact and the capacity to favor selection of disinfectant- and drug-tolerant/resistant strains.
“In addition, they have shown high environmental impact and the capacity to favor the selection of disinfectant- and drug-tolerant/resistant strains [5].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
The Methods section on antimicrobial resistance says excessive use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers can lead to drug resistance and repeated disinfectant exposure can make microorganisms resistant to sanitizers. The Methods section on toxic impacts on the environment describes potential harm from large spills, but also says normal isopropanol use has no environmental impact and hydrogen peroxide does not harm the environment. It therefore does not support the unqualified claim that chemical disinfectants have high environmental impact. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, when chemical disinfection increased, a significant increase in AMR was recorded.
“Consistent with this, during the COVID-19 pandemic, when chemical disinfection was significantly increased in both sanitary and non-sanitary settings, a significant increase in AMR was recorded [5, 10, 11, 21].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
The Methods section, “Antimicrobial resistance caused by overuse of hand sanitizer” (page unavailable), says excessive sanitizer use can lead to resistance and describes increased alcohol tolerance in hospital isolates tested from 1997 to 2015. It does not report a significant increase in AMR recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic or establish that increase across sanitary and non-sanitary settings. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Ghafoor, D., Khan, Z., Khan, A., Ualiyeva, D., & Zaman, N.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Lanzhou University (CN)
- University of Swat (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Khan, Zafran
- Venue
- Current Research in Toxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 159-168
- ISSN
- 2666-027X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7931675
- OpenAlex
- W3135563563
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 24
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Research in Toxicology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, disinfectants, alcohol-based hand rub, alcohol poisoning, dry skin, children, occupational exposure, environmental health risk
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