Pathogen Control in the Built Environment: A Probiotic-Based System as a Remedy for the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance
Open accessAbstract
The high and sometimes inappropriate use of disinfectants and antibiotics has led to alarming levels of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and to high water and hearth pollution, which today represent major threats for public health. Furthermore, the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has deeply influenced our sanitization habits, imposing the massive use of chemical disinfectants potentially exacerbating both concerns. Moreover, super-sanitation can profoundly influence the environmental microbiome, potentially resulting counterproductive when trying to stably eliminate pathogens. Instead, environmentally friendly procedures based on microbiome balance principles, similar to what applied to living organisms, may be more effective, and probiotic-based eco-friendly sanitation has been consistently reported to provide stable reduction of both pathogens and AMR in treated-environments, compared to chemical disinfectants. Here, we summarize the results of the studies performed in healthcare settings, suggesting that such an approach may be applied successfully also to non-healthcare environments, including the domestic ones, based on its effectiveness, safety, and negligible environmental impact.
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PCHS reduces surface pathogens 80% more than chemical disinfectants.
“This type of sanitation has been shown to reduce surface pathogens 80% more than chemical disinfectants without selecting resistant strains but rather decreasing the prevalence of preexisting AMR up to 99.9%, resulting in a > 50% decrease in HAI incidence [8, 29–35].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
PCHS does not select resistant strains but decreases the prevalence of preexisting AMR up to 99.9%.
“This type of sanitation has been shown to reduce surface pathogens 80% more than chemical disinfectants without selecting resistant strains but rather decreasing the prevalence of preexisting AMR up to 99.9%, resulting in a > 50% decrease in HAI incidence [8, 29–35].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
PCHS results in a >50% decrease in HAI incidence.
“This type of sanitation has been shown to reduce surface pathogens 80% more than chemical disinfectants without selecting resistant strains but rather decreasing the prevalence of preexisting AMR up to 99.9%, resulting in a > 50% decrease in HAI incidence [8, 29–35].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
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Rapid SARS-CoV-2 inactivation by commonly available chemicals on inanimate surfaces
Gerlach, M., Wolff, S., Ludwig, S., Schäfer, W., Keiner, B., Roth, N. J., & Widmer, E. (2020) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.001 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Safety of probiotics used for hospital environmental sanitation
Caselli, E., Antonioli, P., & Mazzacane, S. (2016) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2016.06.021 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationCOVID-19 Is a Multifaceted Challenging Pandemic Which Needs Urgent Public Health Interventions
Contini, C., Caselli, E., Martini, F., Maritati, M., Torreggiani, E., Seraceni, S., Vesce, F., Perri, P., Rizzo, L., & Tognon, M. G. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8081228 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationD’Accolti, M., Soffritti, I., Lanzoni, L., Bisi, M., Volta, A., Mazzacane, S., & Caselli, E. (2019) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13415 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationCurran, E. T., Wilkinson, M. A. C., & Bradley, T. (2019) · Journal of Infection Prevention · doi:10.1177/1757177419828139 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Indoor Microbiome and Airborne Pathogens
Leung, M. H. Y., Tong, X., & Lee, P. K. H. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64046-8.00477-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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D’Accolti, M., Soffritti, I., Bonfante, F., Ricciardi, W., Mazzacane, S., & Caselli, E. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13112227 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Innovative Strategy for the Effective Reduction of MDR Pathogens from the Nosocomial Environment
Caselli, E., D’Accolti, M., Soffritti, I., Lanzoni, L., Bisi, M., Volta, A., Berloco, F., & Mazzacane, S. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2019_399 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationD’Accolti, M., Soffritti, I., Passaro, A., Zuliani, G., Antonioli, P., Mazzacane, S., Manfredini, R., & Caselli, E. (2020) · PubMed · doi:10.26355/eurrev_202009_22872 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationJacksch, S., Zohra, H., Weide, M. R., Schnell, S., & Egert, M. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9050905 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gupta, A. K., Lyons, D. C. A., & Rosén, T. (2015) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/ijd.13010 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bygiene: The New Paradigm of Bidirectional Hygiene.
Al‐Ghalith, G. A., & Knights, D. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cave, R. J., Misra, R., Chen, J., Wang, S., & Mkrtchyan, H. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.576696 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Manshadi, F. D., Karpiscak, M. M., & Gerba, C. P. (2013) · Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination · doi:10.2166/wrd.2013.161 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Growing Concerns with Staphylococcus aureus and Asthma: New Territory for an Old Foe?
Davis, M. F., McCormack, M. C., & Matsui, E. C. (2019) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.10.003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
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- Authors
- D’Accolti, M., Soffritti, I., Bini, F., Mazziga, E., Mazzacane, S., & Caselli, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Ferrara (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Caselli, Elisabetta
- Venue
- Microorganisms
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-01-20
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 225
- ISSN
- 2076-2607 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8876034
- OpenAlex
- W4207084905
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 3.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Microorganisms (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- probiotics, antimicrobial resistance, pathogen control, built environment, chemical disinfectants, SARS-CoV-2, environmental microbiome, healthcare settings, household sanitation, water pollution, air pollution
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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