Single-Neuron Responses in Humans during Execution and Observation of Actions

“In monkeys, however, neurons with mirroring properties have been reported in a variety of areas on the lateral wall of the primate brain [3, 7, 21, 24, 25].”

“This interpretation is in line with the hypothesis ofmultiplemirroring mechanisms in the primate brain, a hypothesis that can easily account for the presence of mirroring cells in many cortical areas [1, 3–5, 7, 8, 24, 25].”

“In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12–15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16–19].”

“In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12–15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16–19].”

“For example, the mirror mechanism in the insula might underlie the capacity to understand a specific emotion (disgust) in others [16, 19], whereas the mirror mechanism in the parietofrontal circuit may help understanding the goal of observed motor acts and the intentions behind them [21].”

“, a picture of a smiling face and the execution cue word ‘‘smile’’ [33].”

“This interpretation is in line with the hypothesis ofmultiplemirroring mechanisms in the primate brain, a hypothesis that can easily account for the presence of mirroring cells in many cortical areas [1, 3–5, 7, 8, 24, 25].”

“In monkeys, however, neurons with mirroring properties have been reported in a variety of areas on the lateral wall of the primate brain [3, 7, 21, 24, 25].”

“In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12–15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16–19].”

“For example, the mirror mechanism in the insula might underlie the capacity to understand a specific emotion (disgust) in others [16, 19], whereas the mirror mechanism in the parietofrontal circuit may help understanding the goal of observed motor acts and the intentions behind them [21].”

“Interestingly, some fMRI studies have also reported decreased BOLD signal in primary motor cortex during action-observation [12].”

“In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12–15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16–19].”

“Indeed, extensive brain lesions are associated with compulsory imitative behavior in neurological patients [36, 37].”

“We have recently demonstrated that neurons in medial temporal lobe are reactivated during spontaneous recall of episodic memory [34].”

“, [21]) and birds [22].”

“The functional significance of the mirror mechanism most likely varies according to the location of mirror neurons in different brain areas [35].”

“This interpretation is in line with the hypothesis ofmultiplemirroring mechanisms in the primate brain, a hypothesis that can easily account for the presence of mirroring cells in many cortical areas [1, 3–5, 7, 8, 24, 25].”

“Connections such as the uncinate fasciculus and other cortico-cortical white matter tracts between the MTL and motor regions in the frontal lobe exist [27–31].”

“In monkeys, however, neurons with mirroring properties have been reported in a variety of areas on the lateral wall of the primate brain [3, 7, 21, 24, 25].”

“In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12–15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16–19].”

“Direct recordings in monkeys have demonstrated that neurons in frontal and parietal areas discharge during execution and perception of actions [1–8].”

“In monkeys, however, neurons with mirroring properties have been reported in a variety of areas on the lateral wall of the primate brain [3, 7, 21, 24, 25].”

“Indeed, extensive brain lesions are associated with compulsory imitative behavior in neurological patients [36, 37].”

“Connections such as the uncinate fasciculus and other cortico-cortical white matter tracts between the MTL and motor regions in the frontal lobe exist [27–31].”

“Connections such as the uncinate fasciculus and other cortico-cortical white matter tracts between the MTL and motor regions in the frontal lobe exist [27–31].”

“Connections such as the uncinate fasciculus and other cortico-cortical white matter tracts between the MTL and motor regions in the frontal lobe exist [27–31].”

“What is the relationship between the cells recorded in SMA—on the medial wall of the frontal lobe—that responded during both execution and observation of actions and the ‘‘mirror neurons’’ reported previously in monkeys? The critical feature of mirror neurons is the functional matching between a motor response and a p…”

“Although there is some evidence for responses in the hippocampus during voluntary actions [32], unlike SMA, lesions in the medial temporal lobe do not result in obvious motor deficits, and electrical stimulation in these areas does not result in overt movement.”

“…magnetic stimulation (TMS), electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and human single cell recordings (Mukamel et al., 2010) to provide further evidence for fronto-parietal mirror neuron regions in humans (for recent reviews see Iacoboni and Dapretto,…”

“A more extended study with depth electrode recordings in human mirror neurons investigated 21 patients undergoing surgery for otherwise intractable epilepsy (Mukamel et al., 2010).”