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Myokines and adipokines: Involvement in the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
Abstract
Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue are the two largest organs in the body. Skeletal muscle is an effector organ, and adipose tissue is an organ that stores energy; in addition, they are endocrine organs that secrete cytokines, namely myokines and adipokines, respectively. Myokines consist of myostatin, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-15, irisin, fibroblast growth factor 21, and myonectin; adipokines include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, chemerin, and visfatin. Furthermore, certain cytokines, such as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, are released by both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and exhibit a bioactive effect; thus, they are called adipo-myokines. Recently, novel myokines or adipokines were identified through the secretomic technique, which has expanded our knowledge on the previously unknown functions of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and provide a new avenue of investigation for obesity treatment or animal production. This review focuses on the roles of and crosstalk between myokines and adipokines in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue that modulate the molecular events in the metabolic homeostasis of the whole body.
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“Myokines such as irisin, IL-6, and myostatin, and adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin, play central roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and inflammation [9].”
From Exercise-Induced Muscle–Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“IL-6, is, however, also secreted by adipocytes from obese patients and negatively affects metabolic flexibility by decreasing insulin signaling and glucose uptake because of its proinflammatory properties (114, 123).”
From Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [123]
In the citing paper
“Adipo-myokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, secreted from muscle cells and adipocytes, if chronically elevated, can induce insulin resistance and consequently other comorbidities [92].”
From Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions (2021) · cites this paper as [92]
In the citing paper
“Thus, myostatin is elevated in pro-inflammatory environments, sharing space with pro-inflammatory organokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, resistin, chemerin, and others [92].”
From Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions (2021) · cites this paper as [92]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Li, F., Li, Y., Duan, Y., Hu, C.-A. A., Tang, Y., & Yin, Y.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Hunan Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Tang, Yulong
- Yin, Yulong
- Venue
- Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 33
- Pages
- 73-82
- ISSN
- 1359-6101 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2531173597
- Cited by
- 288
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 15
- FWCI
- 2.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB127305, 2012CB124704)
- Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (2016326)
- Nature Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2015JJ2146)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- myokines, adipokines, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, myostatin, irisin, FGF21, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, chemerin, visfatin, interleukin-6, TNF-α, secretome, obesity, metabolic homeostasis, animal husbandry
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Cell Communication, Humans, Muscle Proteins, Obesity, Signal Transduction, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8, Adipocytes, Muscle, Skeletal, Interleukin-15, Proteome, Muscle Cells, Mice, Adipokines
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