Cited by 214Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiabetes Management and Research

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The absolute and relative risk of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 129 studies

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Dennison, Rebecca A., Chen, Eileen S., Green, Madeline E., Legard, Chloe, Kotecha, Deeya, Farmer, George, Sharp, Stephen J., Ward, Rebecca J., Usher-Smith, Juliet A., Griffin, Simon J.·2021·Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice

DOI 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108625PMC PMC7610694

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Abstract

Aims To estimate development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in women with previous gestational diabetes (GDM) and investigate characteristics associated with higher diagnoses, building on previous meta-analyses and exploring heterogeneity. Methods Systematic literature review of studies published up to October 2019. We included studies reporting progression to T2DM ≥6 months after pregnancy, if diagnostic methods were reported and ≥50 women with GDM participated. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regression of absolute and relative T2DM risk. PROSPERO ID: CRD42017080299. Results In 129 included studies, the percentage diagnosed with T2DM was 12% (95% confidence interval 8–16%) higher for each additional year after pregnancy, with a third developing diabetes within 15 years. Development was 18% (5–34%) higher per unit BMI at follow-up, and 57% (39–70%) lower in White European populations compared to others (adjusted for ethnicity and follow-up). Women with GDM had a relative risk of T2DM of 8.3 (6.5–10.6). 17.0% (15.1–19.0%) developed T2DM overall, although heterogeneity between studies was substantial (I 2 99.3%), and remained high after accounting for various study-level characteristics. Conclusions Percentage developing T2DM after GDM is highly variable. These findings highlight the need for sustained follow-up after GDM through screening, and interventions to reduce modifiable risk factors.

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Additional file 1 of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels vary by ethnicity and are associated with insulin sensitivity after gestational diabetes mellitus
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Additional file 2 of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels vary by ethnicity and are associated with insulin sensitivity after gestational diabetes mellitus
Sharma, A., Birkeland, K. I., Nermoen, I., Sommer, C., Qvigstad, E., Lee-Ødegård, S., Sveen, K. A., Sattar, N. A., Sollid, S. T., Omland, T., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26490524
Additional file 2 of High prevalence and significant ethnic differences in actionable HbA1C after gestational diabetes mellitus in women living in Norway
Sharma, A., Nermoen, I., Qvigstad, E., Tran, A. T., Sommer, C., Sattar, N. A., Gill, J. M. R., Gulseth, H. L., Sollid, S. T., & Birkeland, K. I. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21192184
Additional file 1 of High prevalence and significant ethnic differences in actionable HbA1C after gestational diabetes mellitus in women living in Norway
Sharma, A., Nermoen, I., Qvigstad, E., Tran, A. T., Sommer, C., Sattar, N. A., Gill, J. M. R., Gulseth, H. L., Sollid, S. T., & Birkeland, K. I. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21192181
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Authors: Dennison, R. A., Chen, E. S., Green, M. E., Legard, C., Kotecha, D., Farmer, G., Sharp, S. J., Ward, R. J., Usher-Smith, J. A., & Griffin, S. J.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author: Dennison, Rebecca A.
Kotecha, Deeya
Farmer, George
Sharp, Stephen J.
Ward, Rebecca J.
Griffin, Simon J.
ORCID: Dennison, Rebecca A.
Kotecha, Deeya
Farmer, George
Sharp, Stephen J.
Ward, Rebecca J.
Usher-Smith, Juliet A.
Griffin, Simon J.
Venue: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-01
Volume: 171
Pages: 108625
ISSN: 0168-8227 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108625
PMC: PMC7610694
OpenAlex: W3111270620
Cited by: 214
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 14
FWCI: 2.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Apollo
Funders: Cancer Research UK (A21464, 21464)
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/4)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords: gestational diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, postpartum diabetes risk, diabetes progression, body mass index, ethnicity, racial disparities, diabetes screening, risk factors
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Mass Screening, Pregnancy, Risk, Risk Factors, Diabetes, Gestational, Young Adult

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The absolute and relative risk of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 129 studies

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