Cited by 165Psychedelics and Drug StudiesAlkaloids: synthesis and pharmacologyForensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis

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Pattern of use and subjective effects of Salvia divinorum among recreational users

González, Débora, Riba, Jordi, Bouso, José Carlos, Gómez-Jarabo, Gregorio, Barbanoj, Manel J.·2006·Drug and Alcohol Dependence

DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.001

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Abstract

Background Salvia divinorum is a member of the Lamiaceae family and contains the psychotropic diterpene and kappa-opioid receptor agonist salvinorin-A. Originally a shamanic inebriant used by the Mexican Mazatec Indians, the plant and its preparations are becoming increasingly popular among non-traditional users.Methods Demographic data and information on pattern of use and subjective effects were obtained by means of self-report questionnaires from a sample of 32 recreational users of salvia and other psychedelics.Results Involvement with salvia appeared to be a recent phenomenon. Smoking the extract was the preferred form of administration. Subjective effects were described as intense but short-lived, appearing in less than 1 min and lasting 15 min or less. They included psychedelic-like changes in visual perception, mood and somatic sensations, and importantly, a highly modified perception of external reality and the self, leading to a decreased ability to interact with oneself or with one's surroundings.Conclusions Although some aspects of the subjective effects reported were similar to high doses of classical psychedelics with serotonin-2A receptor agonist activity, the intense derealization and impairment reported appear to be a characteristic of salvia. The observed simultaneous high scores on the LSD and PCAG subscales of the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) have been previously reported for other kappa-opioid agonists, and support kappa receptor activation as the probable pharmacologic mechanism underlying the modified state of awareness induced by salvia.

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Authors: González, D., Riba, J., Bouso, J. C., Gómez-Jarabo, G., & Barbanoj, M. J.
Affiliations: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
Corresponding author: Barbanoj, Manel J.
ORCID: González, Débora
Bouso, José Carlos
Venue: Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 85
Issue: 2
Pages: 157-162
ISSN: 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.001
OpenAlex: W2168830964
Cited by: 163
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 12.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
Keywords: Salvia divinorum, salvinorin A, kappa opioid receptor agonists, recreational drug use, subjective effects, derealization, psychedelic effects, Addiction Research Center Inventory
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diterpenes, Euphoria, Female, Humans, Male, Perception, Plant Extracts, Reality Testing, Retrospective Studies, Sensation, Spain, Illicit Drugs, Receptors, Opioid, kappa, Substance-Related Disorders, Salvia, Diterpenes, Clerodane

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Pattern of use and subjective effects of Salvia divinorum among recreational users

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