Dose-response study of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans. II. Subjective effects and preliminary results of a new rating scale.
Abstract
Background Validation of animal models of hallucinogenic drugs' subjective effects requires human data. Previous human studies used varied groups of subjects and assessment methods. Rating scales for hallucinogen effects emphasized psychodynamic principles or the drugs' dysphoric properties. We describe the subjective effects of graded doses of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), an endogenous hallucinogen and drug of abuse, in a group of experienced hallucinogen users. We also present preliminary data from a new rating scale for these effects. Methods Twelve highly motivated volunteers received two doses (0.04 and 0.4 mg/kg) of intravenous (IV) dimethyltryptamine fumarate "nonblind," before entering a double-blind, saline placebo-controlled, randomized study using four doses of IV DMT. Subjects were carefully interviewed after resolution of drug effects, providing thorough and systematic descriptions of DMT's effects. They also were administered a new instrument, the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS). The HRS was drafted from interviews obtained from an independent sample of 19 experienced DMT users, and modified during early stages of the study. Results Psychological effects of IV DMT began almost immediately after administration, peaked at 90 to 120 seconds, and were almost completely resolved by 30 minutes. This time course paralleled DMT blood levels previously described. Hallucinogenic effects were seen after 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg of dimethyltryptamine fumarate, and included a rapi…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) is a 75-item questionnaire designed by Strassman et al. (1994) specifically to evaluate the effects of DMT and ayahuasca.
“The first was the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS), a 75-item questionnaire which was designed by Strassman et al. (1994) specifically to evaluate the effects of DMT and ayahuasca (Strassman et al., 1994).”
From Assessment of the acute subjective psychedelic experience: A review of patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research on classical psychedelics (2024) · cites this paper as Strassman et al., 1994
Cites
Christian, S. T., Harrison, R., Quayle, E., Pagel, J., & Monti, J. (1977) · Biochemical Medicine · doi:10.1016/0006-2944(77)90088-6 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a prototypical indole hallucinogen, originally discovered in plants [9], but later found in lower animals [10] and humans [11], with well-characterized and relatively typical neuropharmacologic [12] and behavioral [13] properties.”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Carducci, M. A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116675513 · Cited by 2,201 · see citing works
“To determine if the two different psilocybin doses differed in the low-dose condition, t-tests were used to compare participants who received 3 mg/70 kg (n = 12) with those who received 1 mg/70 kg (n = 38) on participant ratings of peak intensity of effect (HRS intensity item completed 7 h after administration) and pe…”
MethodInfluentialNichols, D. E. (2016) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478 · Cited by 1,762 · see citing works
Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5 · Cited by 1,684 · see citing works
Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety
Johnson, M., Richards, W., & Griffiths, R. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108093587 · Cited by 1,203 · see citing works
Psychedelics promote structural and functional neural plasticity
Ly, C., Greb, A. C., Cameron, L. P., Wong, J. M., Barragan, E. V., Wilson, P. C., Burbach, K. F., Soltanzadeh Zarandi, S., Sood, A., Paddy, M. R., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022 · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
Nichols, D. E. (2004) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002 · Cited by 1,211 · see citing works
Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: A proof-of-concept study
Bogenschutz, M. P., Forcehimes, A. A., Pommy, J. A., Wilcox, C. E., Barbosa, P., & Strassman, R. J. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114565144 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Self-citationPsilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects
Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5 · Cited by 932 · see citing works
Griffiths, R., Richards, W., Johnson, M., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108094300 · Cited by 905 · see citing works
Palhano-Fontes, F., Barreto, D., Onias, H., Andrade, K. C., Novaes, M. M., Pessoa, J. A., Mota-Rolim, S. A., Osório, F. L., Sanches, R., dos Santos, R. G., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001356 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV)
Studerus, E., Gamma, A., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012412 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin
Barrett, F. S., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881115609019 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Jesse, R., MacLean, K. A., Barrett, F. S., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117731279 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Psilocybin-Occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction.
Garcia-Romeu, A., Griffiths, R., & Johnson, M. (2015) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473708666150107121331 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Ego-dissolution and psychedelics: validation of the ego-dissolution inventory (EDI).
Nour, M. M., Evans, L., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00269 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Psychedelics, meditation, and self-consciousness
Millière, R., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Trautwein, F.-M., & Berkovich-Ohana, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01475 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Emotional breakthrough and psychedelics: Validation of the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory
Roseman, L., Haijen, E., Idialu-Ikato, K., Kaelen, M., Watts, R., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119855974 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive tryptamines compared with classic hallucinogens
Rickli, A., Moning, O. D., Hoener, M. C., & Liechti, M. E. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.05.001 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Riba, J., Valle, M., Urbano, G., Yritia, M., Morte, A., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2003) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.103.049882 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Barrett, F. S., Bradstreet, M. P., Leoutsakos, J.-M. S., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116678781 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
“…used questionnaire instruments assessing the subjective effects of classic hallucinogens are the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) (Strassman, 1995; Strassman et al., 1994) and the various forms of Dittrich’s Altered States of Consciousness questionnaires (Dittrich, 1975, 1998; Studerus et al.,…”
Andersen, K. A. A., Carhart‐Harris, R., Nutt, D. J., & Erritzoe, D. (2021) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13249 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Human psychopharmacology of hoasca, a plant hallucinogen used in ritual context in Brazil.
GROB, C. S., McKENNA, D. J., CALLAWAY, J. C., BRITO, G. S., NEVES, E. S., OBERLAENDER, G., SAIDE, O. L., LABIGALINI, E., TACLA, C., MIRANDA, C. T., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199602000-00004 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Self-citationMcKenna, D. J. (2004) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.002 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens
Halberstadt, A. L. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
“Another instrument is the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS), which was specifically designed to measure the effects of parenteral DMT (Strassman et al., 1994) Double-blind studies have confirmed the APZ and the HRS can distinguish the effects of psilocybin and mescaline from those of…”
BackgroundMethodNeural correlates of the DMT experience assessed with multivariate EEG
Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Schartner, M., Milliere, R., Williams, L. T. J., Erritzoe, D., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Ashton, M., Bendrioua, A., Kaur, O., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51974-4 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Psychedelics, mystical experience, and therapeutic efficacy: a systematic review
Ko, K., Knight, G., Rucker, J. J., & Cleare, A. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.917199 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
dos Santos, R. G., Osório, F. L., Crippa, J. A. S., Riba, J., Zuardi, A. W., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2016) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125316638008 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Riba, J., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Urbano, G., Morte, A., Antonijoan, R., Montero, M., Callaway, J. C., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2001) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000606 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Psilocybin – Summary of knowledge and new perspectives
Tylš, F., Páleníček, T., & Horáček, J. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Neuropharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine
Carbonaro, T. M., & Gatch, M. B. (2016) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.016 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Human psychopharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine
Strassman, R. J. (1995) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(96)00081-2 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationKetamine psychotherapy for heroin addiction: immediate effects and two-year follow-up
Krupitsky, E., Burakov, A., Romanova, T., Dunaevsky, I., Strassman, R., & Grinenko, A. (2002) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(02)00275-1 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased frontal and paralimbic activation following ayahuasca, the pan-amazonian inebriant
Riba, J., Romero, S., Grasa, E., Mena, E., Carrió, I., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0358-7 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Modern clinical research on LSD
Liechti, M. E. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.86 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Developing Guidelines and Competencies for the Training of Psychedelic Therapists
Phelps, J. (2017) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167817711304 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Aday, J. S., Davis, A. K., Mitzkovitz, C. M., Bloesch, E. K., & Davoli, C. C. (2021) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00014 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Bouso, J. C., Palhano-Fontes, F., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Ribeiro, S., Sanches, R., Crippa, J. A. S., Hallak, J. E. C., de Araujo, D. B., & Riba, J. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.008 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00089-x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Clinical applications of hallucinogens: a review
Garcia-Romeu, A., Kersgaard, B., & Addy, P. H. (2016) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000084 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Barker, S. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00536 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Effects of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethyltryptamine on Rat Behaviors Relevant to Anxiety and Depression
Cameron, L. P., Benson, C. J., Dunlap, L. E., & Olson, D. E. (2018) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00134 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Cameron, L. P., Benson, C. J., DeFelice, B. C., Fiehn, O., & Olson, D. E. (2019) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00692 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., So, S., Gukasyan, N., Swift, T. C., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120967878 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Pattern of use and subjective effects of Salvia divinorum among recreational users
González, D., Riba, J., Bouso, J. C., Gómez-Jarabo, G., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.001 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Callaway, J. C., Raymon, L. P., Hearn, W. L., McKenna, D. J., Grob, C. S., Brito, G. S., & Mash, D. C. (1996) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/20.6.492 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Tancer, M., & Johanson, C.-E. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(03)00172-8 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Barker, S. A., McIlhenny, E. H., & Strassman, R. (2012) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.422 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationPharmacology of ayahuasca administered in two repeated doses
dos Santos, R. G., Grasa, E., Valle, M., Ballester, M. R., Bouso, J. C., Nomdedéu, J. F., Homs, R., Barbanoj, M. J., & Riba, J. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2434-x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Carbonaro, T. M., Johnson, M. W., Hurwitz, E., & Griffiths, R. R. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Subjects
Dolder, P. C., Schmid, Y., Steuer, A. E., Kraemer, T., Rentsch, K. M., Hammann, F., & Liechti, M. E. (2017) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0513-9 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Strassman, R. J., Qualls, C. R., & Berg, L. M. (1996) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00200-6 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationRiba, J., Anderer, P., Morte, A., Urbano, G., Jané, F., Saletu, B., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2002) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01609.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
dos Santos, R. G., Balthazar, F. M., Bouso, J. C., & Hallak, J. E. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116652578 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Brito-da-Costa, A. M., Dias-da-Silva, D., Gomes, N. G. M., Dinis-Oliveira, R. J., & Madureira-Carvalho, Á. (2020) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph13110334 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Biosynthesis and Extracellular Concentrations of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Mammalian Brain
Dean, J. G., Liu, T., Huff, S., Sheler, B., Barker, S. A., Strassman, R. J., Wang, M. M., & Borjigin, J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45812-w · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationTancer, M., & Johanson, C.-E. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0576-z · Cited by 113 · see citing works
dos Santos, R. G., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.001 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Health status of ayahuasca users
Barbosa, P. C. R., Mizumoto, S., Bogenschutz, M. P., & Strassman, R. J. (2012) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1383 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationSerotonergic psychedelics temporarily modify information transfer in humans.
Alonso, J. F., Romero, S., Mañanas, M. À., & Riba, J. (2015) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv039 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Neuroticism is associated with challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms
Barrett, F. S., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.004 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Bouso, J. C., Fábregas, J. M., Antonijoan, R. M., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., & Riba, J. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3167-9 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Bender, D., & Hellerstein, D. J. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-06049-6 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Acute effects of intravenous DMT in a randomized placebo-controlled study in healthy participants
Vogt, S. B., Ley, L., Erne, L., Straumann, I., Becker, A. M., Klaiber, A., Holze, F., Vandersmissen, A., Mueller, L., Duthaler, U., et al. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02477-4 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The influence of ketamine on drug discovery in depression
Kraus, C., Wasserman, D., Henter, I. D., Acevedo-Diaz, E., Kadriu, B., & Zarate, C. A. (2019) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.07.007 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Giluk (2009) · doi:10.1017/s003329172000389x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Barker, S. A. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06065-0 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Johanson, C.-E., Kilbey, M., Gatchalian, K., & Tancer, M. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Foldi, C. J., Liknaitzky, P., Williams, M., & Oldfield, B. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00043 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Weiss, B., Nygart, V., Pommerencke, L. M., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzoe, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.749788 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Studies with psychedelic drugs in human volunteers
Sellers, E. M., Romach, M. K., & Leiderman, D. B. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.029 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Systematic review of psychometric instruments used in research with psychedelics
de Deus Pontual, A. A., Senhorini, H. G., Corradi-Webster, C. M., Tófoli, L. F., & Daldegan-Bueno, D. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2079108 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Castro Santos, H., & Gama Marques, J. (2021) · Porto Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000128 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The subjective experience of acute, experimentally-induced <i>Salvia divinorum</i> inebriation
Addy, P. H., Garcia-Romeu, A., Metzger, M., & Wade, J. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881115570081 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hovmand, O. R., Poulsen, E. D., & Arnfred, S. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811231200019 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effects of ayahuasca on the human EEG.
Don, N. S., McDonough, B. E., Moura, G., Warren, C. A., Kawanishi, K., Tomita, H., Tachibana, Y., Böhlke, M., & Farnsworth, N. R. (1998) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/s0944-7113(98)80003-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dornbierer, D. A., Marten, L., Mueller, J., Aicher, H. D., Mueller, M. J., Boxler, M., Kometer, M., Kosanic, D., von Rotz, R., Puchkov, M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1246892 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Tolerability, assessment, and prediction of psilocybin-induced altered states of consciousness
Studerus, E. (2012) · University of Zurich · doi:10.5167/uzh-164092 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jiwani, Z., Goldberg, S. B., Stroud, J., Young, J., Curtin, J., Dunne, J. D., Simonsson, O., Webb, C. A., Carhart-Harris, R., & Schlosser, M. (2025) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310160 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Strassman, R. J.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1994-02-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 98
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2010322651
- Cited by
- 453
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 7.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R03DA006524)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000997, RR00997-13)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- N,N-dimethyltryptamine, hallucinogens, dose-response relationship, subjective effects, rating scale development, visual hallucinations, dissociation, blood concentration, animal model validation
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Consciousness, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Infusions, Intravenous, Male, Placebos, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Illicit Drugs, Visual Perception, Volition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
