Glial and Neuroimmune Mechanisms as Critical Modulators of Drug Use and Abuse
Open accessAbstract
Drugs of abuse cause persistent alterations in synaptic plasticity that may underlie addiction behaviors. Evidence suggests glial cells have an essential and underappreciated role in the development and maintenance of drug abuse by influencing neuronal and synaptic functions in multifaceted ways. Microglia and astrocytes perform critical functions in synapse formation and refinement in the developing brain, and there is growing evidence that disruptions in glial function may be implicated in numerous neurological disorders throughout the lifespan. Linking evidence of function in health and under pathological conditions, this review will outline the glial and neuroimmune mechanisms that may contribute to drug-abuse liability, exploring evidence from opioids, alcohol, and psychostimulants. Drugs of abuse can activate microglia and astrocytes through signaling at innate immune receptors, which in turn influence neuronal function not only through secretion of soluble factors (eg, cytokines and chemokines) but also potentially through direct remodeling of the synapses. In sum, this review will argue that neural-glial interactions represent an important avenue for advancing our understanding of substance abuse disorders.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
During substance abuse, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation can exert direct neural toxicity and potentially exacerbate addiction via modulation of synapse plasticity.
“Particularly, during substance abuse, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation can exert direct neural toxicity and potentially exacerbate addiction via modulation of synapse plasticity.13, 14”
From Tubular human brain organoids to model microglia-mediated neuroinflammation (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Amyloid oligomers exacerbate tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy
Selenica, M.-L. B., Brownlow, M., Jimenez, J. P., Lee, D. C., Pena, G., Dickey, C. A., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2013) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000337230 · Cited by 10,359 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease
Heneka, M. T., Carson, M. J., Khoury, J. E., Landreth, G. E., Brosseron, F., Feinstein, D. L., Jacobs, A. H., Wyss-Coray, T., Vitorica, J., Ransohoff, R. M., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)70016-5 · Cited by 6,226 · see citing works
Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827 · see citing works
Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
Ginhoux, F., Greter, M., Leboeuf, M., Nandi, S., See, P., Gokhan, S., Mehler, M. F., Conway, S. J., Ng, L. G., Stanley, E. R., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194637 · Cited by 5,175 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Chen, K., Sloan, S. A., Bennett, M. L., Scholze, A. R., O'Keeffe, S., Phatnani, H. P., Guarnieri, P., Caneda, C., Ruderisch, N., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1860-14.2014 · Cited by 4,875 · see citing works
Synaptic Pruning by Microglia Is Necessary for Normal Brain Development
Paolicelli, R. C., Bolasco, G., Pagani, F., Maggi, L., Scianni, M., Panzanelli, P., Giustetto, M., Ferreira, T. A., Guiducci, E., Dumas, L., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1202529 · Cited by 4,244 · see citing works
Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms
Block, M. L., Zecca, L., & Hong, J.-S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2038 · Cited by 4,110 · see citing works
Microglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner
Schafer, D. P., Lehrman, E. K., Kautzman, A. G., Koyama, R., Mardinly, A. R., Yamasaki, R., Ransohoff, R. M., Greenberg, M. E., Barres, B. A., & Stevens, B. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026 · Cited by 4,089 · see citing works
The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target
Miller, A. H., & Raison, C. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2015.5 · Cited by 3,942 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…glia and immune signaling are associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders, from stress-related conditions such as depression (Hodes et al, 2015; Miller and Raison, 2015), to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia (Gupta et al, 2014; Sekar et al, 2016; Werling et al,…”
BackgroundATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo
Davalos, D., Grutzendler, J., Yang, G., Kim, J. V., Zuo, Y., Jung, S., Littman, D. R., Dustin, M. L., & Gan, W.-B. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1472 · Cited by 3,913 · see citing works
de Waal Malefyt, R., Abrams, J., Bennett, B., Figdor, C. G., & de Vries, J. E. (1991) · The Journal of experimental medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.174.5.1209 · Cited by 3,762 · see citing works
Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models
Hong, S., Beja-Glasser, V. F., Nfonoyim, B. M., Frouin, A., Li, S., Ramakrishnan, S., Merry, K. M., Shi, Q., Rosenthal, A., Barres, B. A., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad8373 · Cited by 3,343 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…surveillance and debris clearance, it is perhaps unsurprising that microglial activation in particular has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases beyond Alzheimer’s disease, including multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease (Chung et al, 2015b; Heneka et al, 2015; Hong et al, 2016).”
BackgroundA Lineage of Myeloid Cells Independent of Myb and Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Schulz, C., Perdiguero, E. G., Chorro, L., Szabo-Rogers, H., Cagnard, N., Kierdorf, K., Prinz, M., Wu, B., Jacobsen, S. E. W., Pollard, J. W., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1219179 · Cited by 2,578 · see citing works
Hematopoiesis: An Evolving Paradigm for Stem Cell Biology
Orkin, S. H., & Zon, L. I. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.025 · Cited by 2,570 · see citing works
Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain
Lawson, L. J., Perry, V. H., Dri, P., & Gordon, S. (1990) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(90)90229-w · Cited by 2,045 · see citing works
The Cellular Phase of Alzheimer’s Disease
De Strooper, B., & Karran, E. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.056 · Cited by 1,990 · see citing works
Microglial physiology: unique stimuli, specialized responses
Ransohoff, R. M., & Perry, V. H. (2009) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132528 · Cited by 1,858 · see citing works
Monocytes and macrophages: developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis
Ginhoux, F., & Jung, S. (2014) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3671 · Cited by 1,840 · see citing works
The history of toll-like receptors - redefining innate immunity
O'Neill, L. A. J., Golenbock, D., & Bowie, A. G. (2013) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3446 · Cited by 1,765 · see citing works
Matthes, H. W. D., Maldonado, R., Simonin, F., Valverde, O., Slowe, S., Kitchen, I., Befort, K., Dierich, A., Le Meur, M., Dollé, P., et al. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/383819a0 · Cited by 1,722 · see citing works
Microglial interactions with synapses are modulated by visual experience
Tremblay, M.-È., Lowery, R. L., & Majewska, A. K. (2010) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000527 · Cited by 1,542 · see citing works
Control of microglial neurotoxicity by the fractalkine receptor
Cardona, A. E., Pioro, E. P., Sasse, M. E., Kostenko, V., Cardona, S. M., Dijkstra, I. M., Huang, D., Kidd, G., Dombrowski, S., Dutta, R., et al. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1715 · Cited by 1,531 · see citing works
Microglia emerge from erythromyeloid precursors via Pu.1- and Irf8-dependent pathways
Kierdorf, K., Erny, D., Goldmann, T., Sander, V., Schulz, C., Perdiguero, E. G., Wieghofer, P., Heinrich, A., Riemke, P., Hölscher, C., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3318 · Cited by 1,457 · see citing works
Control of Synaptic Strength by Glial TNFα
Beattie, E. C., Stellwagen, D., Morishita, W., Bresnahan, J. C., Ha, B. K., Von Zastrow, M., Beattie, M. S., & Malenka, R. C. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1067859 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
Microglia and brain macrophages in the molecular age: from origin to neuropsychiatric disease
Prinz, M., & Priller, J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3722 · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
Gliotransmitters Travel in Time and Space
Araque, A., Carmignoto, G., Haydon, P. G., Oliet, S. H. R., Robitaille, R., & Volterra, A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.007 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Microglia: new roles for the synaptic stripper
Kettenmann, H., Kirchhoff, F., & Verkhratsky, A. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.023 · Cited by 1,173 · see citing works
Subsecond dopamine release promotes cocaine seeking
Phillips, P. E. M., Stuber, G. D., Heien, M. L. A. V., Wightman, R. M., & Carelli, R. M. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01476 · Cited by 1,113 · see citing works
Microglial cell origin and phenotypes in health and disease
Saijo, K., & Glass, C. K. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3086 · Cited by 1,100 · see citing works
Perry, V. H., Hume, D. A., & Gordon, S. (1985) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(85)90215-5 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Eroglu, Ç., Allen, N. J., Susman, M. W., O'Rourke, N. A., Park, C. Y., Özkan, E., Chakraborty, C., Mulinyawe, S. B., Annis, D. S., Huberman, A. D., et al. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.025 · Cited by 893 · see citing works
Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain
Rivest, S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2565 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Astrocytes Control Synapse Formation, Function, and Elimination
Chung, W.-S., Allen, N. J., & Eroglu, C. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a020370 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Regulation of synaptic connectivity by glia.
Eroglu, C., & Barres, B. A. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09612 · Cited by 813 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…astrocytes can actively regulate many aspects of neuronal function, including neurotransmitter release, gene regulation, electrophysiology, dendritic morphology, synaptic connectivity, and cell viability (Araque et al, 2014; Eroglu and Barres, 2010; Kettenmann et al, 2013; Salter and Beggs, 2014).”
BackgroundAstrocyte glypicans 4 and 6 promote formation of excitatory synapses via GluA1 AMPA receptors
Allen, N. J., Bennett, M. L., Foo, L. C., Wang, G. X., Chakraborty, C., Smith, S. J., & Barres, B. A. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11059 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
TLR signaling tailors innate immune responses in human microglia and astrocytes
Jack, C. S., Arbour, N., Manusow, J., Montgrain, V., Blain, M., McCrea, E., Shapiro, A., & Antel, J. P. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4320 · Cited by 734 · cited 1× · see citing works
“TLR4, for example, has been observed on microglia, neurons, astrocytes, neural progenitor cells, and endothelial cells (AlfonsoLoeches et al, 2010; Grace et al, 2014b; Jack et al, 2005; June et al, 2015; Liu et al, 2011; Rolls et al, 2007).”
BackgroundTrophic Interactions Between Astroglial Cells and Hippocampal Neurons in Culture
Banker, G. A. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7403847 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Control of excitatory CNS synaptogenesis by astrocyte-secreted proteins Hevin and SPARC
Kucukdereli, H., Allen, N. J., Lee, A. T., Feng, A., Ozlu, M. I., Conatser, L. M., Chakraborty, C., Workman, G., Weaver, M., Sage, E. H., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1104977108 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Walsh, J. G., Muruve, D. A., & Power, C. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3638 · Cited by 637 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…attention recently due to their contributions to a wide array of homeostatic and non-inflammatory processes, as well as during states of heightened inflammation and injury (Brown and Neher, 2014; Ginhoux and Jung, 2014; Prinz and Priller, 2014; Salter and Beggs, 2014; Walsh et al, 2014).”
BackgroundGreter, M., Lelios, I., Pelczar, P., Hoeffel, G., Price, J., Leboeuf, M., Kündig, T. M., Frei, K., Ginhoux, F., Merad, M., et al. (2012) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.001 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Pivotal role of TLR4 receptors in alcohol-induced neuroinflammation and brain damage
Alfonso-Loeches, S., Pascual-Lucas, M., Blanco, A. M., Sanchez-Vera, I., & Guerri, C. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0976-10.2010 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Gupta, S., Ellis, S. E., Ashar, F. N., Moes, A., Bader, J. S., Zhan, J., West, A. B., & Arking, D. E. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6748 · Cited by 504 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…and immune signaling are associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders, from stress-related conditions such as depression (Hodes et al, 2015; Miller and Raison, 2015), to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia (Gupta et al, 2014; Sekar et al, 2016; Werling et al, 2016).”
BackgroundWatkins, L. R., Hutchinson, M. R., Rice, K. C., & Maier, S. F. (2009) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.08.002 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Il10 Deficiency Rebalances Innate Immunity to Mitigate Alzheimer-Like Pathology
Guillot-Sestier, M.-V., Doty, K. R., Gate, D., Rodriguez, J., Leung, B. P., Rezai-Zadeh, K., & Town, T. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.068 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Factors regulating microglia activation
Kierdorf, K., & Prinz, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00044 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Minimal penetration of lipopolysaccharide across the murine blood–brain barrier
Banks, W. A., & Robinson, S. M. (2010) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.09.001 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Calcaterra, S., Glanz, J., & Binswanger, I. A. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.018 · Cited by 330 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, the recent crisis of opioid abuse, driven in part by increased use of opioid-based prescription pain medication, has resulted in a dramatic rise of overdose-associated deaths in the past decade (Calcaterra et al, 2013; Case and Deaton, 2015).”
BackgroundProtective astrogenesis from the SVZ niche after injury is controlled by Notch modulator Thbs4
Benner, E. J., Luciano, D., Jo, R., Abdi, K., Paez-Gonzalez, P., Sheng, H., Warner, D. S., Liu, C., Eroglu, C., & Kuo, C. T. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12069 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Cannon, C. M., & Palmiter, R. D. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-34-10827.2003 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Wang, J.-Y., Wen, L. L., Huang, Y.-N., Chen, Y.-T., & Ku, M.-C. (2006) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161206778343109 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Mitchell, J. M., O’Neil, J. P., Janabi, M., Marks, S. M., Jagust, W. J., & Fields, H. L. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002902 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Age‐Dependent Inhibition of Long‐Term Potentiation by Ethanol in Immature Versus Mature Hippocampus
Swartzwelder, H. S., Wilson, W. A., & Tayyeb, M. I. (1995) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01011.x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Theberge, F. R., Li, X., Kambhampati, S., Pickens, C. L., St. Laurent, R., Bossert, J. M., Baumann, M. H., Hutchinson, M. R., Rice, K. C., Watkins, L. R., et al. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.12.019 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Taylor, A. M. W., Castonguay, A., Ghogha, A., Vayssiere, P., Pradhan, A. A. A., Xue, L., Mehrabani, S., Wu, J., Levitt, P., Olmstead, M. C., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.221 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Risher, M., Fleming, R. L., Risher, W. C., Miller, K. M., Klein, R. C., Wills, T., Acheson, S. K., Moore, S. D., Wilson, W. A., Eroglu, C., et al. (2015) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12725 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Walton, M. R., Gibbons, H., MacGibbon, G. A., Sirimanne, E., Saura, J., Gluckman, P. D., & Dragunow, M. (2000) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00262-3 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Cocaine elicits autophagic cytotoxicity via a nitric oxide-GAPDH signaling cascade
Guha, P., Harraz, M. M., & Snyder, S. H. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1524860113 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Crow TJ (1972). Catecholamine-containing neurones and electrical self-stimulation. 1. A review of some data. Psychol Med 2: 414-421.
- del Río-Hortega P (1932). Microglia. In: Penfield W(ed) Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System. Paul B. Hoeber: New York, NY. Vol 2 pp 482-534.
- Hutchinson MR, Shavit Y, Grace PM, Rice KC, Maier SF, Watkins LR (2011). Exploring the neuroimmunopharmacology of opioids: an integrative review of mechanisms of central immune signaling and their implications for opioid analgesia. Pharmacol Rev 63: 772-810.
- REVIEW ................................................................................................................................................... Neuropsychopharmacology REVIEWS
- Ramón y, Cajal S (1906). The structure and connexions of neurons. Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1901-1921. Elsevier: Amsterdam. pp 220-253.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of neuroimmune signaling in alcoholism
Crews, F. T., Lawrimore, C. J., Walter, T. J., & Coleman, L. G. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.031 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
NIDA’s medication development priorities in response to the Opioid Crisis: ten most wanted
Rasmussen, K., White, D. A., & Acri, J. B. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0292-5 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Tubular human brain organoids to model microglia-mediated neuroinflammation
Ao, Z., Cai, H., Wu, Z., Song, S., Karahan, H., Kim, B., Lu, H.-C., Kim, J., Mackie, K., & Guo, F. (2021) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d1lc00030f · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Microglial activation increases cocaine self-administration following adolescent nicotine exposure
Linker, K. E., Gad, M., Tawadrous, P., Cano, M., Green, K. N., Wood, M. A., & Leslie, F. M. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-14173-3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Glial gene networks associated with alcohol dependence
Erickson, E. K., Blednov, Y. A., Harris, R. A., & Mayfield, R. D. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47454-4 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Duttke, S. H., Montilla-Perez, P., Chang, M. W., Li, H., Chen, H., Carrette, L. L. G., Guglielmo, G. D., George, O., Palmer, A. A., Benner, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.858427 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Role of Glial Cells in Neuronal Function, Mood Disorders, and Drug Addiction
Tizabi, Y., Getachew, B., Hauser, S. R., Tsytsarev, V., Manhães, A. C., & da Silva, V. D. A. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14060558 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zhu, C., Li, H., Kong, X., Wang, Y., Sun, T., & Wang, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.819470 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Targeting neuroinflammation: The therapeutic potential of ω-3 PUFAs in substance abuse
Peng, S., Peng, Z., Qin, M., Huang, L., Zhao, B., Wei, L., Ning, J., Tuo, Q.-H., Yuan, T.-F., Shi, Z., et al. (2021) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111058 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Granata, L., Gildawie, K. R., Ismail, N., Brenhouse, H. C., & Kopec, A. M. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101143 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lacagnina, M. J., Rivera, P. D., & Bilbo, S. D.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2016-07-11
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 156-177
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC5143481
- OpenAlex
- W2462345027
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 1.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA034185)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- glial cells, neuroimmune mechanisms, drug addiction, microglia, astrocytes, synaptic plasticity, opioid use disorder, alcoholism, stimulant use disorder, innate immune receptors, cytokines, chemokines, synaptic remodeling
- MeSH terms
- Astrocytes, Brain, Humans, Microglia, Substance-Related Disorders, Toll-Like Receptors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
