The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 22 of the 43 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use disorder (SUD): A scoping review
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND The long-term negative effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their impact on physical and mental health has been widely studied. However, research about the relationship between ACEs and substance use disorder (SUD) diagnosis in adolescence and adulthood is still scarce. Therefore, this scoping review was conducted to collect the existing research findings to explore the relationship between the experience of ACEs and the diagnosis of SUD later in life. METHODS The PsycINFO, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. After identifying the records based on eligibility and exclusion criteria, 12 studies were finally selected for inclusion. RESULTS Most of the studies were conducted in the USA with adult male and female participants. All studies were cross-sectional in nature and assessed ACEs retrospectively. The main conclusions of the studies were that there is a higher prevalence of ACEs in the population with SUD than in the general population, and a positive association between ACEs and the development and severity of SUD in adolescence and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS It is difficult to make comparisons between studies and to draw solid conclusions because of the lack of standardized criteria for evaluating ACEs and due to the heterogeneity in the substance types examined. More research is needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanism of the relationship between ACEs and SUD.
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Claims the paper makes
12 Own method · 8 Own result · 7 Partly supported · 7 No basis given · 6 Supported · 5 Sources not found · 4 Supported so far · 4 No full text of the sources · 3 Own interpretation · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In this sense, some of the studies have linked specific types of ACEs with an increased risk of SUD (Fuller-Thomson et al., 2016;Gomez et al., 2018;Kiburi et al., 2018;Levenson, 2016).”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fuller-Thomson et al., 2016 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gomez et al., 2018 source
- Partly supportedcites Kiburi et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links specific ACEs to greater substance use: emotional abuse to tobacco use and physical abuse to current cannabis use. But this study examined associations among patients who already had substance use disorders, so its findings do not establish an increased risk of developing a disorder. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In fact, people in treatment for an addiction have a higher prevalence of ACEs than the general population.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chandler et al., 2018 source
- Partly supportedcites Philogene-Khalid et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says people with substance use disorders experience ACEs at a disproportionate frequency, and the Results report that 91% of this study’s participants had at least one ACE. But the Methods describe participants recruited during medical hospitalization, not people in addiction treatment, and the paper does not directly compare their ACE prevalence with that of the general population. No page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites Stein et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that people with opioid use disorder entering a detoxification program had substantially higher ACE scores than those in general-population studies; nearly half had four or more ACEs, versus 15.5% in one community-based study. This supports the comparison for the study sample, but not the broader claim about people in treatment for any addiction. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The relationship between ACEs and subsequent SUD development might be partially mediated by a coping mechanism or a self-mediation strategy throughout which victims deal with their feelings associated with childhood maltreatment (Huang et al., 2011).”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Huang et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion proposes that substance use may be a coping or self-medication strategy for feelings associated with childhood maltreatment. But the Limitations section says the study did not investigate drug abuse or dependence in young adulthood, so it does not establish this mechanism for subsequent SUD development. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Recent research has suggested that protective factors moderate the effects of ACEs buffering their negative outcomes (Crouch et al., 2019;Liu et al., 2020;Moore & Ramirez, 2016).”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Crouch et al., 2019 source
The Discussion states that the study provides evidence that protective factors moderate the relationship between ACEs and negative health outcomes. It also describes an adult who made a child feel safe and protected as a particularly important protective factor; the paper frames this as a suggested, rather than definitive, effect. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Liu et al., 2020 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moore & Ramirez, 2016 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Thus, having a history of ACEs might increase the risk of developing SUD (Buckingham & Daniolos, 2013;Dube et al., 2002;Khoury et al., 2010;Wendland et al., 2017).”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Buckingham & Daniolos, 2013 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dube et al., 2002 source
- Supportedcites Khoury et al., 2010 source
The Introduction (Comorbidity of PTSD and Substance Use Disorder; page not provided) explicitly says early traumatic experience may increase the risk of SUDs. The Discussion also reports an association between childhood abuse and substance use, consistent with the claim's cautious wording. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, various studies have found that this risk has a cumulative effect; as the number of ACEs increases, the risk for SUD during life also increases (Dube et al., 2003;LeTendre & Reed, 2017).”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Dube et al., 2003 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ACE Score and Serious Drug Use Problems (p. 8) reports a dose-response relationship between ACE count and ever having drug problems or being addicted to drugs. This supports the cumulative, lifetime aspect of the claim, but the paper examines illicit-drug outcomes rather than substance use disorder broadly or a formal SUD diagnosis. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites LeTendre & Reed, 2017 source
The Discussion reports that, after adjustment for covariates, each one-unit increase in the adverse childhood experience scale was associated with at least 34% higher odds of an adult substance use disorder. The Results sections describe this association for lifetime diagnoses of alcohol, cannabis, and other drug use disorders. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Two studies reported a positive relation between the presence of SUD with an earlier onset of substance use (Gomez et al., 2018;Stein et al., 2017).”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gomez et al., 2018 source
- Partly supportedcites Stein et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) states that people who initiate drug use earlier are more likely to develop drug dependence problems, supporting the general association. But the Methods and Results (page unavailable) show that Stein et al. studied the association between adverse childhood experiences and age of opioid initiation among people with opioid use disorder; they did not compare onset ages by the presence or absence of SUD. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Four of the included studies have evidenced the cumulative effect of ACEs on the diagnosis of SUD (Gomez et al., 2018;LeTendre & Reed, 2017;Levenson, 2016;Shin et al., 2018), which was already demonstrated in previous research (Dube et al., 2003).”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gomez et al., 2018 source
- Supportedcites LeTendre & Reed, 2017 source
The Discussion reports that the risk of a clinically diagnosed substance use disorder increased with the number of adverse childhood experiences. This supports citing LeTendre and Reed as one of the studies finding a cumulative association; it does not establish what the other three cited studies found. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Levenson, 2016 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Among patients with addiction problems, the rates of having suffered at least one ACE ranges from 85.4% to 100% (Chandler et al., 2018;Philogene-Khalid et al., 2020;Stein et al., 2017).”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chandler et al., 2018 source
- Supportedcites Philogene-Khalid et al., 2020 source
The Results (Adverse Childhood Experiences) report that 91% of participants had at least one ACE. These were medical inpatients with substance use disorders, and 91% falls within the cited range of 85.4% to 100%. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Stein et al., 2017 source
Section 3.2 (ACE Distribution) reports that 36.8% of participants had 1–3 ACEs and 48.6% had four or more, totaling the cited 85.4%. Stein et al. thus supports the lower end of the range; the sentence also cites other studies for the range as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Different patterns of exposure to ACEs may be associated with specific substance use outcomes.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > Additional information
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Shin et al., 2018 source
The Conclusion states the claim directly: different patterns of ACE exposure may be associated with specific substance-use outcomes. The Discussion also reports different substance-use risks across ACE exposure classes. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedcorrelationaln = 336- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, to adjust the methodology to the guidelines for conducting and publishing scoping reviews, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) was used, and a 22-item checklist to follow the recommendations in each phase of the process was considered (Tricco et al., 2018).”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 2. Method
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Tricco et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.7 identifies PRISMA-ScR as a checklist with 20 items plus two optional items, supporting the cited checklist's identification and count. The Introduction distinguishes guidance for conducting scoping reviews from PRISMA-ScR's purpose as a reporting guideline; it does not present the checklist as recommendations for conducting each phase of a review. The source also cannot verify the citing authors' statement that they used it. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These findings are consistent with research that has supported the relationship between ACEs and further negative health consequences in the general population (Buckingham & Daniolos, 2013;Cicchetti & Handley, 2019;Felitti et al., 1998;Hughes et al., 2017).”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Buckingham & Daniolos, 2013 source
- Partly supportedcites Cicchetti & Handley, 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 7 (Allostatic load; page unavailable) links childhood maltreatment to later emotional and physical difficulties, including depression, substance use, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. The paper supports the relationship for child maltreatment, but the cited passages do not establish it for ACEs broadly in the general population. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites Felitti et al., 1998 source
The Discussion reports a graded relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult disease conditions, poor self-rated health, and health risk factors. The study was conducted in a primary-care setting, and the claim describes a relationship rather than asserting causation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In this study, the scoping review methodology proposed by Arksey and O'Malley (2005) and Levac et al. (2010) was used.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 2. Method
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Arksey and O'Malley (2005) source
The Abstract says Arksey and O’Malley outline a framework for conducting a scoping study. The Methodological framework section sets out its five stages, supporting the citation’s identification of their proposed methodology. This source cannot establish whether the citing study used it, but that is the citing authors’ own statement. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites Levac et al. (2010) source
The Abstract (Discussion) says Levac et al. propose recommendations that clarify and enhance each stage of Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping-study framework. The citation therefore identifies a source of the methodology the citing study says it used; our copy cannot verify the citing study’s actual use of it. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The High/Multiple ACEs group was significantly associated with increased alcohol-related problems and with tobacco use in young adulthood compared to the Low ACE group.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > Additional information
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Shin et al., 2018 source
The Results report that, compared with the Low ACEs class, the High/Multiple ACEs class had significantly more alcohol-related problems (β = .27, p < .001) and a significantly higher likelihood of current tobacco use in young adulthood (OR = 3.27, p < .05). (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelationaln = 336- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Having experienced ACEs was associated with a higher likelihood of a past-year AUD and TUD diagnosis.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > Additional information
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Rhee et al., 2019 source
The Results section reports that, among older adults, experiencing ACEs was associated with higher likelihood of both a past-year alcohol use disorder diagnosis (aOR 1.76) and a past-year tobacco use disorder diagnosis (aOR 1.45). (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One study (8.3%) was carried out with an adolescent population, and the rest were conducted with adult participants (91.7%; n = 11).”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 3.2. Characteristics of the Included Studies
plainn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main conclusions of the studies were that there is a higher prevalence of ACEs in the population with SUD than in the general population, and a positive association between ACEs and the development and severity of SUD in adolescence and adulthood.”
- Also stated in: § 3.5. Association Between ACEs and SUD · plain
“The 12 studies revealed either a positive association between the presence of ACEs and an SUD diagnosis or a higher prevalence of ACEs among people in treatment for SUD than in the general population.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“All the studies reported either a positive association between ACEs and a later diagnosis of SUD or a higher prevalence of ACEs among people in treatment for SUD than in the general population.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3.5. Association Between ACEs and SUD · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number (between three and 13) and the types of ACEs that have been evaluated in the studies are extremely diverse, which leads to the impossibility of comparing results and obtaining homogeneous conclusions.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“It is difficult to make comparisons between studies and to draw solid conclusions because of the lack of standardized criteria for evaluating ACEs and due to the heterogeneity in the substance types examined.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“12 studies were finally selected for inclusion.”
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Study Selection · plain
“Twelve studies were finally eligible for inclusion.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Study Selection · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample sizes ranged from 30 to 21,554 participants, with ages ranging from 15 to 85 years.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > PLACE TABLE 2 HERE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, Fuller-Thomson et al. (2016) concluded that SUD was more strongly associated with the more invasive forms of direct violence in childhood, such as sexual and physical abuse, than with witnessing domestic violence.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fuller-Thomson et al., 2016 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of the studies included both men and women (83.3%; n = 10); two studies (16.7%) included only men, and none of them included only women.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 3.2. Characteristics of the Included Studies
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All studies were crosssectional in nature and assessed ACEs retrospectively.”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Characteristics of the Included Studies · plain
“All of the studies were cross-sectional and retrospectively assessed ACE.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Characteristics of the Included Studies · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the studies were carried out in the United States (66.7%; n = 8), followed by Asia (16.7%; n = 2), Canada (8.3%; n = 1), and Africa (8.3%; n = 1) (Table 2).”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 3.2. Characteristics of the Included Studies
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exposure to household dysfunction was associated with a 2-fold increased risk of SUD, but exposure to abuse was not significantly associated.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 5. Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Number of ACEs was positively associated with the severity of recent drug use and negatively associated with age of drug initiation.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 5. Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Discrepancies between reviewers were resolved by discussions between reviewers until a consensus was reached.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 2.4. Study Selection and Data Abstraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The search strategy and the systematic search of the literature were developed with the help of an experienced information technician along with input from the project team.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 2.3. Search Strategy and Information Sources
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The protocol of this scoping review was registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF; https://osf.io/wfycs)prior to searching for relevant studies.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 2.1. Protocol and Registration
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of them were published between 2016 and 2020, which means that this is an emerging research focus, and the findings are still inconclusive.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At level 1 of screening, two independent reviewers of the research team reviewed the titles and abstracts of all the papers obtained from the electronic database search.At level 2 of screening, the full texts of the papers were reviewed.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 2.4. Study Selection and Data Abstraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interrater reliability for the 123 results obtained in level 1 of screening and the six results in level 2 of screening was calculated by Cohen's kappa.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 2.4. Study Selection and Data Abstraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the lack of a unique criterion for assessing ACEs across studies indicates that the results should be interpreted cautiously.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 4. Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interrater reliability (Cohen's kappa statistic) for level 1 of screening was 0.98, and that for level 2 of screening was 1.00.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 3.1. Study Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The retrospective design of the 12 studies to self-report ACEs could have underreported these experiences and biased the results of each study and of this scoping review.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 4.1. Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, none of the studies were conducted in a European country, leading to the impossibility of comparing results with this region.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > 4.1. Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Early adversities are associated with SUD risk in later adulthood, although only for some ACE classes.”
§ Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD): A Scoping Review > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kim et al., 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The authors state this as an assumption.
Recruiting a sample from an addiction treatment programme assumes the presence of an SUD diagnosis.
“and/or to carry out the study recruiting a sample from an addiction treatment programme (which assumes the presence of a diagnosis).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The prevalence of ACEs among people in treatment for SUD is high.
“Due to the high prevalence of ACEs among people in treatment for SUD, it is crucial to continue evaluating the mediating mechanisms between specific types of ACEs and SUD diagnoses and the course of these patients in SUD treatment.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In line with international data, another research [9] also supported the observation that ACEs are more prevalent among individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) than in the general population.”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These frequencies are consistent with previous studies documenting elevated rates of childhood adversity among individuals with SUD [3, 5, 9].”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Citations
Cites
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PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., et al. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-0850 · Cited by 43,565
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“Those who used different types of ACEs than the original study (Felitti et al., 1998) added experiences such as bullying, community violence, collective violence/war, economic adversity, property victimization, or exposure to gang violence [7-10].”
BackgroundResultScoping studies: advancing the methodology
Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O'Brien, K. K. (2010) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-69 · Cited by 15,268
Measuring Intrafamily Conflict and Violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales
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“ACEs are important to examine not only due to their high prevalence but also because these experiences have an impact on the development and health of those who have experienced them (Ford et al., 2014; Hughes et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResult
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 297
Thomas, S. A., Thompson, E. C., Peters, J. R., Micalizzi, L., Meisel, S. N., Maron, M. M., Ryan, S. K., & Wolff, J. C. (2024) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01731-0 · Cited by 5
Procreative Obligations and the Directed Duty of Care
Brandt, R. (2024) · Journal of Applied Philosophy · doi:10.1111/japp.12755 · Cited by 4
Moyers, S. A., Doherty, E. A., Appleseth, H. J., Crockett-Barbera, E. K., & Croff, J. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.07.014 · Cited by 3
Bailey, S., Newton, N. C., Perry, Y., Grummitt, L. R., Tiko, R., Baams, L., & Barrett, E. L. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12407 · Cited by 5
Jebraeili, H., Davudizadeh, S., & Rezaee, R. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.5249/jivr.v15i1.1748 · Cited by 4
Trovini, G., Amici, E., Bauco, P., Matrone, M., Lombardozzi, G., Giovanetti, V., Kotzalidis, G. D., & Filippis, S. D. (2023) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2436 · Cited by 4
Chen, K.-T., Huang, M., Lin, C., Chang, H., & Kao, C.-F. (2024) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2023.2297661 · Cited by 4
DeGrace, S., Barrett, S. P., Yakovenko, I., Tibbo, P. G., Romero‐Sanchiz, P., Carleton, R. N., Snooks, T., Rudnick, A., & Stewart, S. H. (2024) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437241255104 · Cited by 4
Enduring strengths: How childhood adversity shapes adult resilience in Kosovo
Kelmendi, K., & Hamby, S. L. (2024) · Child Protection and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.chipro.2024.100070 · Cited by 4
Gette, J. A., & Espinosa, A. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108361 · Cited by 3
Patel, H., Easterbrook, B., Ralston, F. A., Shariff, D., Lester, H., Landaverde, D., Lau, E., Davis, I. S., Aks, I. R., Brown, S. A., et al. (2025) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.70051 · Cited by 5
Externalizing and Internalizing Trajectories to Adolescent Substance Use
Fletcher, É., Boutin, S., Lemieux, A., Déry, M., Derevensky, J. L., & Temcheff, C. E. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-025-01501-6 · Cited by 4
“…to influence mental health presentations as well as substance use risk such as a history of adverse childhood experiences (Bevilacqua et al., 2021; Leza et al., 2021; Muniz et al., 2019; Shin et al., 2018), parenting style (Berge et al., 2016; Calafat et al., 2014; Moreno Méndez et al., 2020),…”
Sharifibastan, F., Pallesen, S., Morken, K. T. E., Haave, P., & Erevik, E. K. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108433 · Cited by 3
Johnson, R., Galbraith, E., Gibson, R. C., & Coley, T.-A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1547926 · Cited by 3
“Some adverse mental health outcomes of ACEs that have been widely researched include depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and substance misuse (Chang et al., 2019; Leza et al., 2021; Abate et al., 2025).”
Rattambige, D., Higgins, D. J., Whittle, S., Cole, M. H., Mathews, B., Scott, J. G., Erskine, H. E., Meinck, F., Pacella, R., Lawrence, D. M., et al. (2025) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595251387118 · Cited by 3
The Connection Between Eating Disorders and Substance Use Disorders
Claudat, K., Simpson, C. C., Bohrer, B. K., & Bongiornio, G. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16691-4_16 · Cited by 5
Erga, A. H., Ushakova, A., Elstad, M., Fodstad, E. C., & Belfrage, A. (2024) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2024.2338799 · Cited by 3
“Adverse childhood experiences are highly prevalent among people with substance use disorder, as compared to the general population (Leza et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2021), and some authors have found adverse childhood experiences to be an important risk factor for later development of substance use…”
BackgroundBaishya, M. L., Zisman‐Ilani, Y., Hoadley, A., Litsas, D. C., Roth, S. C., & Collins, B. N. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066796 · Cited by 2
López-Goñi, J. J., Fernández‐Montalvo, J., Arteaga, A., & Leza, L. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2023.2213322 · Cited by 3
“…treatment programs in other problematic events, such as having suffered sexual/physical abuse (Fernandez-Montalvo et al., 2015; Haro et al., 2021), intimate partner violence (Gezinski et al., 2021; Schneider et al., 2009; Walsh et al., 2020), or adverse childhood experiences (Leza et al., 2021).”
Self-citationSpencer, L., Alderson, H., Scott, S., Kaner, E., & Ling, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20115967 · Cited by 5
“ACEs may also be a contributing factor to substance use in adulthood [21,22] and are associated with adolescent drug use with the potential for consequences in wider aspects of adolescent’s lives, regardless of their social, ethnic, or economic background [23].”
BackgroundBailey, S., Newton, N. C., Perry, Y., Grummitt, L. R., Baams, L., & Barrett, E. L. (2023) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-023-02365-4 · Cited by 3
“Trauma is positively associated with the development and onset of mental health and substance use disorders [22, 28, 29].”
BackgroundTarquinio, C., Trousselard, M., Rotonda, C., & Tarquinio, C. (2023) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2023.06.008 · Cited by 3
Qu, M., Wang, D., Tian, Y., Chen, J., Zhu, R., Li, Y., & Zhang, X. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01209-5 · Cited by 2
“The prevalence of ACEs was higher in the SUD population than in the general population, and ACEs were positively associated with the occurrence and severity of SUD (Leza et al., 2021).”
Adverse childhood experiences are associated with HIV risk factors in Agbogbloshie, Ghana
Sznajder, K. K., Eshak, T. B., Biney, A. A. E., Dodoo, N. D., Wang, M., Toprah, T., Blanford, J. I., Jensen, L., & Dodoo, F. N. (2024) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2024.2354378 · Cited by 2
“Longitudinal studies on the association between ACEs and substance use and addiction are needed to further delineate this association (Leza et al., 2021).”
Ratliff, H. C., & Kanter, J. B. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241254503 · Cited by 2
“There are many contextual risk factors that may lead an individual to use illicit substances, such as exposure to adverse childhood experiences, material hardship, and psychological disorders (Bloom et al., 2013; Leza et al., 2021; Whisman, 1999).”
Substance use and mental health symptoms in adults with prenatal alcohol exposure
Hunnicutt-Ferguson, K., Stoner, S. A., Kable, J. A., Grant, T. M., & Coles, C. D. (2025) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2025.107436 · Cited by 2
Rodrigues, S. M., Saghafi, A., Wang, Q., Shin, S. S., Dube, S. L., Diestel, A., Stevens, R. C., & Bounds, D. T. (2025) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.70017 · Cited by 2
“While positive, graded associations between ACEs and substance misuse have been documented (Petruccelli et al. 2019), most studies have been conducted retrospectively among adults and have relied on cross ‐ sectional data (Leza et al. 2021).”
Indicators of Intergenerational Transmission of Cannabis Use Among US Young Adults
Cui, Y., Wang, Y., LoParco, C. R., Romm, K. F., Cavazos‐Rehg, P. A., Chakraborty, R., McCready, D. M., Yang, Y. T., & Berg, C. J. (2025) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342251337212 · Cited by 2
“32 However, research examining potential differential associations between these factors and cannabis use by young adults’ reports of having CUP or having children of their own is relatively limited.”
Yeh, J., Modrowski, C. A., Aguirre, I., Portis, S. M., Miranda, R., & Pielech, M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12070876 · Cited by 2
“Participants also discussed the need for addressing the trauma that many AYA with OUD have, which accurately reflects current data that suggests a higher prevalence of ACEs among people with substance use disorders, as well as a positive association between ACEs and subsequent substance use [36].”
Wang, X., Clear, K. L., & Vasilenko, S. A. (2025) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316251384269 · Cited by 2
“ACE research not only highlights the lifelong physical and mental health consequences of ACEs (Leza et al., 2021; Tzouvara et al., 2023; Vig et al., 2020) but also establishes a strong link between ACEs and poor adolescent sexual and reproductive health outcomes (Wekerle et al., 2020).”
Khezri, M., Rahman, F., Alexander, M., Zielinski, M. J., & Bunting, A. M. (2025) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2025.2563052 · Cited by 2
“These experiences are especially common among PWUD; estimates suggest that 85% to 100% of this population has experienced at least one ACE, compared to 66% to 75% among people who do not use drugs (8–10).”
Veneziani, G., Giraldi, E., Panagini, G., Marano, G., Festa, G. M., Mazza, M., & Lai, C. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108610 · Cited by 2
Ong, E. J., Naidu, K. N. C., Tee, M., Tan, R. K. J., & Howard, N. (2026) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2026.152669 · Cited by 3
Merrill, R. M., Scott, E. N., & Sumsion, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1630105 · Cited by 3
Türkmen, C., Machunze, N., Tan, H., Gerhardt, S., Kiefer, F., & Vollstädt‐Klein, S. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058645 · Cited by 2
Carr, M. M., Ellis, J. D., Saules, K. K., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2022) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001581 · Cited by 2
Testa, A. M., Jacobs, B., Zhang, L., Jackson, D. B., Ganson, K. T., & Nagata, J. M. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05925-7 · Cited by 4
“Prior research finds that ACEs are associated with substance use in adulthood [17–20], including both prescription and illicit opioid use [21–24].”
BackgroundCavanaugh, C. E., Rucci, S., & Vasquez-Home, O. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115456 · Cited by 2
Treves-Kagan, S., Kennedy, K. S., & Carrington, M. (2023) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12707 · Cited by 2
Assari, S., & Sheikhattari, P. (2024) · JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.29245/2578-2959/2024/2.1305 · Cited by 4
“Given that youth is a stage of vulnerability to SLEs 15,16 , SLEs are common, and SLEs may have lasting consequences on healthy brain development 17,18 many scholars have turned to better understand the nuances about the 2,19 networks and systems such as reward regulation.”
BackgroundCoronado, H., Bonilla, G. G. S., Shircliff, K., Sims, I., Flood, E., Cooley, J. L., & Cummings, C. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105932 · Cited by 4
Stress Exposure and PTSD in a Cross-Sectional Residential Substance Use Treatment Sample
Schacht, R. L., Meyer, L. E., Wenzel, K. R., Mette, M. E., Berg, S. K., Lewis, C. R., Carrano, J., & Fishman, M. J. (2024) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342241248978 · Cited by 2
“12,13 However, some researchers have noted different developmental effects of threat-based versus deprivation-based ACEs (eg, assault vs neglect).”
Deeds, B. G., Goldstein, A. B., & Blanco, C. (2024) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20240019 · Cited by 2
Pomares, A. G., Lacomba‐Trejo, L., & Villanueva, L. (2025) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-025-00688-z · Cited by 5
“These exposures are shown to be related to a wide range of negative outcomes like antisocial behaviour (Basto-Pereira et al., 2022; Gomis-Pomares & Villanueva, 2020) or drug use (Dube et al., 2003) among adults Leza et al., 2021; Schwartz et al., 2024) in a dose–response fashion.”
Lawrence, T. I., Fitzgerald, M., & Wojciechowski, T. W. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107362 · Cited by 2
Basting, E. J., Medenblik, A. M., Schlachta, S., Garner, A. R., Shorey, R. C., & Stuart, G. L. (2025) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-025-03123-4 · Cited by 2
“Adults in substance use treatment report higher rates of childhood abuse and PTSD symptoms relative to the general population (Leza et al., 2021; Lorains et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2020), which might, in part, explain the higher rates of CSB in this population.”
Leza, L., López-Goñi, J. J., Arteaga, A., & Fernández‐Montalvo, J. (2025) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2025.6 · Cited by 2
Self-citationSooHoo, J. F., Davis, C. N., Han, A., Jinwala, Z., Gelernter, J. E., Feinn, R., & Kranzler, H. R. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725001163 · Cited by 2
“4%to100%of individualsinSUDtreatmenthaveexperiencedatleastoneACE (Lezaetal.,2021).”
Leri, J., Cisler, J. M., Clark, S. L., Dodd, C. G., Siddiqui, S., Taylor, L., Ayala, A., Stewart, S. M., Richmond, R., Shahidullah, J. D., et al. (2025) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470251350144 · Cited by 2
“2 Likewise, of those who display symptoms of PTSD or engage in substance use, there is heterogeneity in terms of the number or severity of PTSD symptoms experienced 3,4 and the types of substance use behavior that is engaged in. 5,6 Understanding how speci fi c types of traumas, PTSD symptoms, and…”
Zhang, M. X., Zhang, H., & Wu, A. M. S. (2025) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.250020 · Cited by 2
Jiang, S., Jin, C., Du, R., & Liang, Z. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120207 · Cited by 3
Corallo, K. L., Carr, C. P., Lavner, J. A., Koss, K. J., & Ehrlich, K. B. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115593 · Cited by 5
Harper, C. R., & Treves-Kagan, S. (2024) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12747 · Cited by 2
Gasik, R. E., Madkour, A. S., Skeen, S. J., Clum, G. A., Francis, T., Felker-Kantor, E., Ferguson, T. F., Welsh, D. A., Molina, P. E., & Theall, K. P. (2024) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-024-04368-1 · Cited by 2
“Alcohol use, particularly among PWH reaching older adulthood, may accelerate these processes [67].”
BackgroundKapp, J. M., Dicke, R., & Quinn, K. J. (2024) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/56722 · Cited by 3
“Cumulative exposures to multiple ACEs are associated with an increased risk of substance misuse [2,7,8], including opioids [9-11] and alcohol [12], and an increased risk of suicide [2].”
BackgroundCorradin, O., Sallari, R. C., Hoang, A. T., Kassim, B. S., Hutta, G. B., Cuoto, L., Quach, B. C., Lovrenert, K., Hays, C., Gryder, B. E., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.447736 · Cited by 2
Thomas, S. A., Thompson, E., Peters, J. R., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/hy8vu · Cited by 2
Borodulin, N., & Holmberg, J. (2023) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v12i3.5095 · Cited by 2
“Studies note that ACEs are associated with a higher risk of developing mental health disorders which can lead to addiction or SUD (Leza, L., et al., 2021).”
BackgroundTisdale, C., de Andrade, D., Leung, J., Campbell, G., & Hides, L. M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.129 · Cited by 1
Young people in foster care and substance use
Radenhausen, M., Unkrich, J., Beal, S. J., Acquavita, S. P., & Greiner, M. V. (2024) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2024.101136 · Cited by 1
The Comprehensive Adversity Measure (CAM): A measure of early adversity and its severity
Schlechter, P., Lutz, N. M., Nexhmedin Morina, B., Grant, J. E., Löchner, C., Chamberlain, S. R., Wilkinson, P. O., & Fritz, J. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107117 · Cited by 1
Haider, M. R., Clinton, S., Brown, M. J., & Hansen, N. B. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100309 · Cited by 1
“We found a high mean ACEs score among PWID, which aligns with the existing literature (Leza et al., 2021).”
InfluentialLuo, X., Wang, K., Ran, J., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., & Su, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1536847 · Cited by 2
Otterholt, E., Laake, P., Bjørkly, S. K., & Andersson, H. W. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107477 · Cited by 1
“…with substance use disorders (SUD) often exhibit various stress-related biological (Koob and Volkow, 2016; Meyers and Dick, 2010) and psychosocial (Leza et al., 2021; Swadi, 1999; Volkow and Blanco, 2023) background characteristics that may contribute to and maintain their substance use behavior…”
Network Specificity in Predicting Childhood Trauma Characteristics Using Effective Connectivity
Zhang, S., Zheng, W., Li, Z., & Wu, H. (2025) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.31083/ap43988 · Cited by 1
Сергеевна, Г. Е., Lutova, N. B., Khobeysh, M. A., Makarevich, O. V., & Sorokin, M. Y. (2025) · Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.17759/cpp.2025330205 · Cited by 2
Strotsava, M., & Brindle, R. C. (2025) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2025.113250 · Cited by 1
The foundations of flourishing: Ending child maltreatment is foundational to character education
Perks, B. (2025) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2025.2550696 · Cited by 1
“A global meta-review revealed between 84 and 100% of patients seeking treatment for addiction had at least one ACE (Leza et al., 2021).”
Edgar, N. E., Taha, H., Ly, V., & Hatcher, S. (2025) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-025-01311-y · Cited by 1
“In particular, studies have shown strong links between early trauma exposure and substance use [49].”
Anderson, L. G., Tischer, A. E., Bock, R., Michaelides, M., & Alvarez, V. A. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-04033-2 · Cited by 3
“This effect was especially pronounced among LBN-exposed males, corroborating previous reports [42] and clinical trends [8, 14, 15, 19 – 21, 25, 95].”
Lin, W., Su, H.-K., & Chiao, C. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108743 · Cited by 1
Zeybek, S. U., & KURTULUŞ, H. Y. (2026) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2025.2611125 · Cited by 2
Associations between childhood risk factors and alcohol treatment outcomes in adolescence
Komarnyckyj, M., Mangan, D., Hayhurst, K. P., Kaar, S. J., Jahr, S., & Jones, A. (2025) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agaf081 · Cited by 1
“…et al. 2010, Puddephatt et al. 2022), and environmental exposures such as peer substance use (Rozin and Zagonel 2012, Yuen et al. 2020) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) (e.g. abuse, neglect, and familial substance misuse) (Rozin and Zagonel 2012, Yuen et al. 2020, Leza et al. 2021).”
Loes, C. N. (2026) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2026.2614699 · Cited by 1
Liu, L., Zhou, X., & Qu, C. (2026) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-026-02359-0 · Cited by 1
“ACEs are also related to adverse behavioral and social outcomes, including higher likelihood of health-harming behaviors (Leza et al., 2021), and impaired social functioning later in life (Zhu et al., 2025).”
Costello, A. M., Plagge, A., & O’Riordan, A. (2026) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70307 · Cited by 2
“…research has reported a significant relationship between ACEs and post-traumatic stress disorder (McLaughlin et al. 2017), substance abuse (Leza et al. 2021), depression (Nelson et al. 2017; Chapman et al. 2004), anxiety (Li et al. 2016), and suicidal ideation and attempts (Afifi et al.…”
Vangölü, M. S., Ünsal, F., & Çi̇çek, İ. (2026) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-026-07027-7 · Cited by 1
“Subsequent empirical investigations have substantiated these associations, identifying ACEs as being associated with increased likelihood of depression [68], sleep disturbances [22, 66], anxiety and rumination [45], substance use disorders [41], and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder [69].”
The Connection Between Eating Disorders and Substance Use Disorders
Claudat, K., Simpson, C. C., Bohrer, B. K., & Bongiornio, G. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67929-3_16-1 · Cited by 1
Jacobs, J., Vozar, T. M., Thornton, K., Elliott, K., & Holmberg, J. R. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.05.001 · Cited by 1
Adolescent Domestic Violence Referrals and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Race and Sex Differences
Gilbreath, S., Cheng, Y.-S., Lopes, V. D. F., & Novak, A. S. (2023) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/15412040231219997 · Cited by 2
“…indicated as risks for AFV perpetration, including antisocial behavior and delinquency measured broadly (Hunt et al., 2017; Novak & De Francisco Lopes, 2022), mental health concerns (Bomysoad & Francis, 2020; Scully et al., 2020), and substance use (Brown & Shillington, 2017; Leza et al., 2021).”
BackgroundPredictors of lifetime cannabis use among undergraduate students and changes during COVID‐19
McCall, J. R., Giordano, A. L., Ziomek‐Daigle, J., & Appling, B. M. (2024) · Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling · doi:10.1002/jaoc.12133 · Cited by 1
Kenarsari, Z. R., Noushari, F. R., & Baradaran, M. (2024) · فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی اعتیادپژوهی · doi:10.61186/etiadpajohi.17.70.31 · Cited by 1
Ukockis, G. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197585207.001.0001 · Cited by 1
Hong, J. S., Kim, D. H., Colpin, H., Llorent, V. J., Voisin, D. R., & Johns, S. (2024) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045241251906 · Cited by 1
“…to adverse experiences and various negative outcomes, such as sexually risky behaviors (London et al., 2017; Song & Qian, 2020), bullying (Forster et al., 2020; Reisen et al., 2019), drug use (A fifi et al., 2020; Leza et al., 2021), and violence perpetration (Duke et al., 2010) among adolescents.”
Investigation of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Coping Strategies in Turkish Adults under Probation
Altuner, O. G., & Yararbaş, G. (2024) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/2024/8953611 · Cited by 2
“Terefore, it can be said that illicit substance use is often underreported, and a history of childhood violence is a limitation in terms of both underreport and recall bias, as shown in the literature [30, 34].”
BackgroundResultInterprofessional perspectives on ACEs: Results from a statewide interprofessional training program
Benton, M., Dicke, R., & Kapp, J. M. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106911 · Cited by 2
Childhood trauma, substance use and depressive symptoms in people with HIV during COVID-19
Singh, N. P., Ntlantsana, V., Tomita, A. M., & Paruk, S. (2024) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v30i0.2220 · Cited by 1
“30 A meta-analysis found that ACEs were associated with more than a two-fold increase in risk for depression in adulthood and may be a significant predictor of depression in adulthood.”
BackgroundRamakrishnan, N., Tiba, S., Goldstein, A. L., & Erb, S. M. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14111081 · Cited by 1
“While childhood maltreatment has been strongly linked to substance use problems, this outcome does not occur in all cases, suggesting that other factors influence the relationship [17].”
Khave, L. J., Stefanovics, E. A., Potenza, M. N., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01412-y · Cited by 1
“ACEs typically precede the development of AUD and exhibit a cumulative pattern, where the likelihood of developing AUD increases with the number of ACEs experienced (LeTendre & Reed, 2017; Leza et al., 2021; Moore et al., 2024).”
Herberholz, E. S., Wolchok, R. E., Rogers, J. M., Selenou-Yemgang, S., Beckwith, B. D., Smith, K. E., & Epstein, D. H. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-025-01527-w · Cited by 1
“…scores and the likelihood of cigarette use (Anda et al., 1999), alcohol use (Dube et al., 2006), and other drug use (Dube et al., 2003), but has not used LCA to clarify the contribution of specific ACE combination s, especially with regard to sub-stance-use disorders (SUDS) (Leza et al., 2021).”
McKay, M. T., & Clarke, M. C. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108782 · Cited by 1
Varying drug policies and unequal access to harm reduction
Holeksa, J. (2024) · doi:10.24834/isbn.9789178774784 · Cited by 1
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Substance Use Among Korean College Students: Different by Gender?
Park, A., Kim, Y., & Murphy, J. L. (2023) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-023-10036-y
“…context show that witnessing domestic violence and family dysfunction, such as physical abuse, are more strongly associated with substance use (Leza et al., 2021); female youth who experienced family violence (verbally and physically) started to smoke as a form of rebellion against social…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Role of Environment, Early Use, Genetic Influences, and Neurobiology in Substance Use Disorder
Stone, L., & Kress, C. B. (2023) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2023.01.001 · Cited by 1
Samuel, C., Singh, R., Ahmed, M. Z., Gupta, V., Tehrani, S. H., Hom, M., Kandikuppa, N., Nguyen, E. S., Nusratty, L., Sharangpani, A., et al. (2023) · Reinvention an International Journal of Undergraduate Research · doi:10.31273/reinvention.v16i1.1190
Adverse Childhood Experiences as Risk Factor for the Development of Substance Addiction
Bogetić, D., Jugović, A., & Merdović, B. (2023) · Kultura polisa · doi:10.51738/kpolisa2023.20.2r.17bjm
Paine, T. A., Pierotti, C. E., Swanson, E. S., del campo, Z. M., Kulkarni, S., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173634
Karsberg, S., Thylstrup, B., Thomsen, K. R., Grassi‐Oliveira, R., Pedersen, M. M., & Hesse, M. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01182-z
“Among individuals in treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs), as many as 90 to 100% report experiences that can be defined as childhood trauma (Chandler et al., 2018; Kiburi et al., 2018; Leza et al., 2021; Naal et al., 2018).”
ACEs and social risk factors in patients with opioid use disorder
Bernhardt, J. M., Moody, M., Nwanze, P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2023.2288849
“Individuals with SUD experience ACEs, including sexual or physical abuse, at an early age (Leza et al., 2021).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Leza, L., Siria, S., López-Goñi, J. J., & Fernández-Montalvo, J.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) (ES)
- Venue
- Drug and alcohol dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 221
- Pages
- 108563
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3127853237
- Semantic Scholar
- dc7a4fbbfbd932f5cf222f41e88285a778e0ee33
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 5.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Academica-e (Universidad Pública de Navarra) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- adverse childhood experiences, substance use disorders, adolescent substance use
- MeSH terms
- Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Retrospective Studies, Prevalence, Substance-Related Disorders
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