The DOI matches its Crossref record; 140 of the 141 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
COPSE reloaded: An improved model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The first-order relationship between global marine new production (newp′), global extent of anoxia (AANOX) and atmospheric pO2 (o′) has been obtained from Earth system ocean–atmosphere models (57):”
From Atmosphere-ocean oxygen and productivity dynamics during early animal radiations (2019) · cites this paper as [57]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The constants kanox = 12, ku = 0.5 are determined so that 0.25% of the seafloor is overlain by anoxic water masses similar to modern productivity and oxygen levels (newp′ = o′ = 1) and the formula gives a fairly sharp transition of AANOX from 23 to 77% as atmospheric pO2 declines from 13 to 8 atm%, consistent with biogeochemical models for the spatial distribution of oxygen in the oceans (57, 58).”
From Atmosphere-ocean oxygen and productivity dynamics during early animal radiations (2019) · cites this paper as [57]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-1-28473-5 · Cited by 3,859
Shampine, L. F., & Reichelt, M. W. (1997) · SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing · doi:10.1137/s1064827594276424 · Cited by 3,757
Global silicate weathering and CO2 consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers
Gaillardet, J., Dupré, B., Louvat, P., & Allègre, C. J. (1999) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00031-5 · Cited by 3,334
The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart
Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. C., Gibbard, P. L., & Fan, J. (2013) · Episodes · doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002 · Cited by 3,269
Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis
Hedges, J. I., & Keil, R. G. (1995) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/0304-4203(95)00008-f · Cited by 2,546
Berner, R. A., Lasaga, A. C., & Garrels, R. M. (1983) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.283.7.641 · Cited by 2,428 · cited 2×
“The model is driven by a range of geological forcing factors taken 119 from GEOCARB III (Berner and Kothavala, 2001), BLAG (Berner et al., 1983), and rock abundance data 120 (including coal).”
MethodA negative feedback mechanism for the long‐term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature
Walker, J. C. G., Hays, P. B., & Kasting, J. F. (1981) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans · doi:10.1029/jc086ic10p09776 · Cited by 2,310
The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire
Bond, W. J., Woodward, F. I., & Midgley, G. F. (2005) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01252.x · Cited by 1,942
GEOCARB II; a Revised Model of Atmospheric CO 2 Over Phanerozoic Time
Berner, R. A. (1994) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.294.1.56 · Cited by 1,713
A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes
Haq, B. U., & Schutter, S. R. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1161648 · Cited by 1,623
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 141 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Engebretson, 1992, 180millionyears of subduction, GSA Today, 2, 93
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 350
Modeled physiological mechanisms for observed changes in the late Paleozoic plant fossil record
Richey, J. D., Montañez, I. P., White, J. D., DiMichele, W. A., Matthaeus, W. J., Poulsen, C. J., Macarewich, S. I., & Looy, C. V. (2020) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110056 · Cited by 27
Maffre, P., Goddéris, Y., Pohl, A., Yannick Donnadieu, A., Carretier, S., & Hir, G. L. (2022) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/03.2022.02 · Cited by 27
Du, Y., Song, H., Algeo, T. J., Song, H., Tian, L., Chu, D., Shi, W., Li, C., & Tong, J. (2022) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103878 · Cited by 27
Life on the Edge: The Cambrian Marine Realm and Oxygenation
Pruss, S. B., & Gill, B. C. (2023) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-070316 · Cited by 29
“The warmer climate was likely linked to higher atmospheric p CO 2 (e.g., Lenton et al. 2018) potentially caused by elevated continental arc volcanism (McKenzie et al. 2014).”
BackgroundGomes, J. P. B., Bunevich, R. B., Sartorato, A. C. L., Tedeschi, L. R., Tonietto, S. N., Tucker, M. E., & Whitaker, F. (2024) · The Depositional Record · doi:10.1002/dep2.288 · Cited by 26
“The more positive δ 13 C values for shrubs would support formation in equilibrium with lake water, which was in equilibrium with Cretaceous atmospheric CO 2 ( + 2 to 2.5‰; Lenton et al., 2018).”
InfluentialSolid Earth forcing of Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events
Gernon, T., Mills, B. J. W., Hincks, T. K., Merdith, A., Alcott, L., Rohling, E. J., & Palmer, M. R. (2024) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-024-01496-0 · Cited by 26
“34).”
Self-citationPall, J., Zahirovic, S., Doss, S., Hassan, R., Matthews, K. J., Cannon, J., Gurnis, M., Moresi, L. N., Lenardic, A., & Müller, R. D. (2018) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-14-857-2018 · Cited by 26
Wong, T. E., Cui, Y., Royer, D. L., & Keller, K. M. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23543-9 · Cited by 26
Climate extremes likely to drive land mammal extinction during next supercontinent assembly
Farnsworth, A., Lo, Y. T. E., Valdes, P. J., Buzan, J., Mills, B. J. W., Merdith, A., Scotese, C. R., & Wakeford, H. R. (2023) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-023-01259-3 · Cited by 30
Self-citationSensitivity of a leaf gas-exchange model for estimating paleoatmospheric CO 2 concentration
Royer, D. L., Moynihan, K. M., McKee, M. L., Londoño, L., & Franks, P. J. (2019) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-15-795-2019 · Cited by 26
Wei, G., Wang, J., Planavsky, N. J., Zhao, M., Bolton, E. W., Jiang, L., Asael, D., Wei, W., & Ling, H. (2022) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106673 · Cited by 27
Vitali, R., Belcher, C. M., Kaplan, J. O., & Watson, A. J. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35081-z · Cited by 25
The expansion of land plants during the Late Devonian contributed to the marine mass extinction
Smart, M. S., Filippelli, G. M., Gilhooly, W., Ozaki, K., Reinhard, C. T., Marshall, J. E. A., & Whiteside, J. H. (2023) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-023-01087-8 · Cited by 24
White, J. D., Montañez, I. P., Wilson, J. P., Poulsen, C. J., McElwain, J. C., DiMichele, W. A., Hren, M. T., Macarewich, S. I., Richey, J. D., & Matthaeus, W. J. (2020) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/09.2020.01 · Cited by 25
High Organic Burial Efficiency Is Required to Explain Mass Balance in Earth's Early Carbon Cycle
Kipp, M. A., Krissansen‐Totton, J., & Catling, D. C. (2020) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2020gb006707 · Cited by 25
Tan, Z., Wu, J., Jia, W., Li, J., Kendall, B., Song, J., & Peng, P. (2023) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121410 · Cited by 23
Earth Catastrophes and their Impact on the Carbon Cycle
Suarez, C., Edmonds, M., & Jones, A. (2019) · Elements · doi:10.2138/gselements.15.5.301 · Cited by 24
“Models are a good way to link surface and deep reservoirs (Lenton et al. 2018).”
BackgroundLu, C., Li, F., Oehlert, A. M., Li, J., & Zou, H. (2020) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105945 · Cited by 24
Declining metal availability in the Mesozoic seawater reflected in phytoplankton succession
Zhang, Q., Bendif, E. M., Zhou, Y., Nevado, B., Shafiee, R. T., & Rickaby, R. E. M. (2022) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-022-01053-7 · Cited by 24
What we talk about when we talk about the long‐term carbon cycle
Boyce, C. K., Ibarra, D. E., & D’Antonio, M. P. (2022) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.18665 · Cited by 23
Implications of different stellar spectra for the climate of tidally locked Earth-like exoplanets
Eager-Nash, J. K., Reichelt, D. J., Mayne, N. J., Lambert, F. H., Sergeev, D. E., Ridgway, R. J., Manners, J. C., Boutle, I., Lenton, T. M., & Kohary, K. I. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038089/pdf · Cited by 24
Self-citationPeatland wildfires in the Lower Cretaceous Damoguaihe Formation, Hailar Basin, Northeast China
Wang, Z., Xu, Y., Zhao, Q., Zhang, M., Li, W., Panchal, B. M., & Liu, B. (2023) · Cretaceous Research · doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105578 · Cited by 23
Baker, S. J., Belcher, C. M., Barclay, R. S., Hesselbo, S. P., Laurin, J., & Sageman, B. B. (2019) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b35097.1 · Cited by 22
Lam, A. R., Sheffield, S. L., & Matzke, N. J. (2020) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/pab.2020.24 · Cited by 23
“During the Ordovician, organisms like diploporans and other blastozoans were likely responding to changing conditions, such as increasing oxygen levels (e.g., Lenton et al. 2018), by evolving these respiratory structures and other morphological features.”
BackgroundShan, H., Liu, J., Ding, X., Chen, X., Yu, X., Liu, Z., & Xu, Z. (2022) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117874 · Cited by 21
Longbottom, T. L., & Hockaday, W. C. (2019) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-019-00559-4 · Cited by 21
A Novel Hypothesis for the Role of Photosynthetic Physiology in Shaping Macroevolutionary Patterns
Yiotis, C., & McElwain, J. C. (2019) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.19.00749 · Cited by 20
Soils, Chemical Weathering, and Climate Change in Earth History
Driese, S. G., Nordt, L. C., & Stinchcomb, G. E. (2021) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1002/9781119563952.ch2 · Cited by 21
Andreetto, F., Flecker, R., Aloisi, G., Mancini, A. M., Guibourdenche, L., de Villiers, S., & Krijgsman, W. (2022) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117767 · Cited by 19
Why the Early Paleozoic was intrinsically prone to marine extinction
Pohl, A., Stockey, R., Dai, X., Yohler, R. M., Hir, G. L., Hülse, D., Brayard, A., Finnegan, S., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg7679 · Cited by 21
Crustal carbonate build-up as a driver for Earth’s oxygenation
Alcott, L., Walton, C. R., Planavsky, N. J., Shorttle, O., & Mills, B. J. W. (2024) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-024-01417-1 · Cited by 22
“Increasing weathering efficiency due to the rise of land plants is also poorly constrained, and we also use the Monte-Carlo range of this parameter from Krissansen-Totten et al. 26 , with the maximum change following the COPSE model 19 and the minimum assuming no enhancement.”
Self-citationCan prebiotic systems survive in the wild? An interference chemistry approach
Walton, C. R., Rimmer, P. B., & Shorttle, O. (2022) · Frontiers in Earth Science · doi:10.3389/feart.2022.1011717 · Cited by 18
“Progress is this regard being made in several relevant areas, including the formulation of selfconsistent global biogeochemical models, which are being employed to reconstruct the evolution of Earth’s surface environment over time (Lenton et al., 2018; Mills et al., 2018), and rule-based models of complex chemical sys…”
BackgroundA Systems Approach to Understanding How Plants Transformed Earth's Environment in Deep Time
Matthaeus, W. J., Macarewich, S. I., Richey, J. D., Montañez, I. P., McElwain, J. C., White, J. D., Wilson, J. P., & Poulsen, C. J. (2023) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-080222-082017 · Cited by 18
Kozik, N. P., Young, S. A., Ahlberg, P., Lindskog, A., & Owens, J. (2023) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104183 · Cited by 17
Zhao, B., Long, X., & Chang, C. (2024) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104708 · Cited by 17
Adiatma, Y., Saltzman, M. R., Young, S. A., Griffith, E. M., Kozik, N. P., Edwards, C. T., Leslie, S. A., & Bancroft, A. M. (2019) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109341 · Cited by 18
Seawater signatures of Ordovician climate and environment
Young, S. A., Edwards, C. T., Ainsaar, L., Lindskog, A., & Saltzman, M. R. (2022) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp532-2022-258 · Cited by 17
Low atmospheric CO2 levels before the rise of forested ecosystems
Dahl, T. W., Harding, M. A. R., Brugger, J., Feulner, G., Norrman, K., Lomax, B. H., & Junium, C. K. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35085-9 · Cited by 19
Temporal evolution of shallow marine diagenetic environments: Insights from carbonate concretions
Loyd, S. J., Meister, P. H., Liu, B., Nichols, K., Corsetti, F. A., Raiswell, R., Berelson, W. M., Shields, G., Hounslow, M. W., Waldron, J. W. F., et al. (2023) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.04.022 · Cited by 17
Geographic range of plants drives long-term climate change
Gurung, K., Field, K. J., Batterman, S. A., Poulton, S. W., & Mills, B. J. W. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46105-1 · Cited by 17
“We now note that many changes in the biosphere could take place on shorter timescales, so our results should be seen only as an estimation of the potential long-term outcomes when shorter term events are removed ( Lines 111-117 111-117 ; 201-217 201-217 ).”
Self-citationWan, M., Yang, W., Wan, S., & Wang, J. (2021) · Palaeoworld · doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2021.07.002 · Cited by 17
Kozik, N. P., Young, S. A., Lindskog, A., Ahlberg, P., & Owens, J. (2023) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12545 · Cited by 14
“A lack of direct paleoredox studies throughout the late Cambrian to Middle Ordovician has led to coarse resolution in atmospheric and marine oxygen models, and thus these models commonly disagree in terms of oxygenation trends through this interval (Edwards et al., 2017; Krause et al., 2018; Lenton et al., 2018); howe…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhat Models Tell Us About the Evolution of Carbon Sources and Sinks over the Phanerozoic
Goddéris, Y., Yannick Donnadieu, A., & Mills, B. J. W. (2023) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-092701 · Cited by 15
“…be expressed as a power function of the CO 2 level: n ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 in most models [e.g., LOSCAR (Long-term Ocean-atmosphere Sediment CArbon Reservoir) (Zeebe 2012), GEOCARB (Berner 2004), COPSE (Carbon, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulphur and Evolution) (Bergman et al. 2004, Lenton et al. 2018)].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe early Cretaceous was cold but punctuated by warm snaps resulting from episodic volcanism
Nordt, L. C., Breecker, D. O., & White, J. D. (2024) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01389-5 · Cited by 15
“Carbon dioxide concentrations from the COPSE geochemical model follow the ice sheet/ice-free line 12 .”
Marine oxygenation, deoxygenation, and life during the Early Paleozoic: An overview
Zhang, J., Edwards, C. T., Diamond, C., Lyons, T. W., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110715 · Cited by 18
Exploring multiple steady states in Earth's long-term carbon cycle
Mills, B. J. W., Tennenbaum, S. E., & SCHWARTZMAN, D. W. (2021) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/07.2021.01 · Cited by 14
Self-citationRevisiting marine redox conditions during the Ediacaran Shuram carbon isotope excursion
Gong, Z., Wei, G., Fakhraee, M., Alcott, L., Jiang, L., Zhao, M., & Planavsky, N. J. (2023) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12547 · Cited by 16
“…(2002); Poulton and Canfield (2011) Forg Organic Matter Weathering Flux 3.75– 7.75 Tmol/yr Lenton et al. (2018) Fcarb Carbonate weathering flux 7– 12 Tmol/yr Lenton et al. (2018) Firon Flux of iron (Fe) from hydrothermal inputs 0.5– 1.5 Tmol/yr Holland (2002); Poulton and Canfield (2011) ε…”
BackgroundInfluentialWeldeghebriel, M. F., Lowenstein, T., Xia, Z., & Li, W. (2023) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.02.009 · Cited by 10
Uranium isotope evidence for extensive seafloor anoxia after the end-Triassic mass extinction
Somlyay, A., Palcsu, L., Kiss, G. I., Clarkson, M. O., Kovács, E. B., Vallner, Z., Zajzon, N., & Pálfy, J. (2023) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118190 · Cited by 15
Modelling sulfate concentrations in the global ocean through Phanerozoic time
Krause, A. J., Shields, G., Newton, R. J., & Mills, B. J. W. (2024) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2023-184 · Cited by 16
“Interestingly, from biogeochemical box model perspectives, although the COPSE (Lenton et al. 2018), MAGic (Arvidson et al. 2013), Berner ’ s Ca – Mg –”
InfluentialSelf-citationMarine sulphate captures a Paleozoic transition to a modern terrestrial weathering environment
Waldeck, A. R., Olson, H. C., Crockford, P. W., Couture, A. M., Cowie, B. R., Hodgin, E. B., Bergmann, K., Dewing, K., Grasby, S. E., Clark, R. J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57282-y · Cited by 15
“Previous forward 53 and inverse 3,54 models of Paleozoic atmospheric change vary widely, but most call on a dramatic mid-Paleozoic increase in pO 2 / pCO 2 even before considering changes in GPP related to land plants (see SI for sensitivity tests, model outputs/predictions and expanded discussion).”
Cannell, A., Blamey, N., Brand, U., Escapa, I., & Large, R. (2022) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104062 · Cited by 14
Zhang, Z., Lü, D.-W., Wang, T., An, D., Liu, H., Wang, D., & Wang, C. (2022) · Journal of Palaeogeography · doi:10.1016/j.jop.2022.06.002 · Cited by 15
Evolution of Plant Rooting Systems
Hetherington, A. J. (2019) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0028341 · Cited by 15
Brief and intensive volcanic emissions from Ontong Java Nui heralded Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a
Matsumoto, H., Goto, K. T., Shimoda, G., Watanabe, Y., Shirai, K., Tejada, M. L. G., Ishikawa, A., Ando, A., Sano, T., Kuroda, J., et al. (2024) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01310-0 · Cited by 14
Trends in estuarine pyrite formation point to an alternative model for Paleozoic pyrite burial
Hantsoo, K., Gomes, M. L., Brenner, D. C., Cornwell, J. C., Palinkas, C. M., & Malkin, S. Y. (2024) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2024.04.018 · Cited by 14
Robinson, T. D. (2005) · University of Arizona Press eBooks · doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816540068-ch015 · Cited by 21
“…within the “fire window” of between ∼0.15 − 0.35 bar (Belcher & McElwain 2008; Glasspool & Scott 2010), although atmospheric pO2 during the Paleozoic prior to the rise of land plants is somewhat poorly constrained and may have been well below 0.1 bar (e.g., Bergman 2004; Lenton et al. 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialBoyce, C. K., Ibarra, D. E., Nelsen, M. P., & D’Antonio, M. P. (2022) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12519 · Cited by 15
A Double‐Edged Sword: The Role of Sulfate in Anoxic Marine Phosphorus Cycling Through Earth History
Kipp, M. A. (2022) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2022gl099817 · Cited by 13
A Review of Blastozoan Echinoderm Respiratory Structures
Sheffield, S. L., Limbeck, M. R., Bauer, J. E., Hill, S. A., & Nohejlová, M. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108881821 · Cited by 13
Evolution of iron and oxygen biogeochemical cycles during the Precambrian
Watanabe, Y., Tajika, E., & Ozaki, K. (2023) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12571 · Cited by 14
“The weathering rate of pyrite on the continental crust is calculated as follows (Krause et al., 2018; Lenton et al., 2018): The effect of pyrite burial on the global redox budget is evaluated S2).”
BackgroundSolid Earth Carbon Degassing and Sequestration Since 1 Billion Years Ago
Müller, R. D., Dutkiewicz, A., Zahirovic, S., Merdith, A., Scotese, C. R., Mills, B. J. W., Ilano, L., & Mather, B. (2024) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2024gc011713 · Cited by 13
Self-citationPhanerozoic icehouse climates as the result of multiple solid-Earth cooling mechanisms
Merdith, A., Gernon, T., Maffre, P., Yannick Donnadieu, A., Goddéris, Y., Longman, J., Müller, R. D., & Mills, B. J. W. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adm9798 · Cited by 13
“The pySCION model functions as an amalgamation of the COPSE bio-geochemical forward model ( 27 ) and the spatially resolved GEOCLIM model ( 24 ).”
Self-citationThe average Phanerozoic CO2 degassing flux estimated from the O-isotopic composition of seawater
Coogan, L. A., & Gillis, K. M. (2020) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116151 · Cited by 12
Simulating the long-term carbon cycle in the Phanerozoic: Current status and future developments
Zhang, Y., Benjamin, J. W. M., He, T., Yang, T., & Zhu, M. (2022) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2022-0813 · Cited by 13
The Ordovician ocean circulation: a modern synthesis based on data and models
Pohl, A., Nardin, É., Vandenbroucke, T. R. A., & Yannick Donnadieu, A. (2022) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp532-2022-1 · Cited by 14
“In addition, other factors than ventilation strongly impact seafloor anoxia during the early Paleozoic, with long-term carbon cycle (box) models suggesting a driving role of changing atmospheric oxygen concentrations (Lenton et al. 2012, 2018; Krause et al. 2018; Mills et al. 2021).”
BackgroundOcean acidification at the Toarcian Anoxic Event captured by boron isotopes in the lime mud record
Kasemann, S. A., Klein, T., Boyle, R. A., Ullmann, C. V., Aberhan, M., Meixner, A., Duarte, L. V., Lenton, T. M., Piazza, V., & Wood, R. A. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02510-y · Cited by 12
“InsteadofsolelyusingtheBisotoperecords toreconstructaproxydatasetofoceanpHasiscommonlyundertaken,we useabiogeochemicalmodelofthecoupledcarbon,oxygen,phosphorusand sulfurcyclesandevolution(COPSE)andtheirconnectingfeedbacks 51,52 (Supplementary Method).”
Self-citationArthur, R., & Nicholson, A. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad547 · Cited by 12
del Rey, Á., Frýda, J., Calner, M., Frýdová, B., Zhang, F., Wang, C., Planavsky, N. J., & Dahl, T. W. (2023) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104248 · Cited by 12
User-friendly carbon-cycle modelling and aspects of Phanerozoic climate change
Torsvik, T. H., Royer, D. L., Marcilly, C. M., & Werner, S. C. (2024) · Applied Computing and Geosciences · doi:10.1016/j.acags.2024.100180 · Cited by 12
On the use of models in understanding the rise of complex life
Lenton, T. M. (2020) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2020.0018 · Cited by 12
“COPSE includes the major contribution of land plants to organic carbon burial today, which when removed prior to the mid-Palaeozoic inevitably produces lower pO2 and lower δ 13C approximately 0‰ (rather than approx.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Impact of Life on Climate Stabilization Over Different Timescales
Höning, D. (2020) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2020gc009105 · Cited by 11
“I take ξ ¼ 0:25, which is at the upper boundary of values considered by Lenton et al. (2018), since this is a conservative HÖNING 6 of 19 approach regarding life affecting climate stability.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOzaki, K., Cole, D. B., Reinhard, C. T., & Tajika, E. (2022) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-15-7593-2022 · Cited by 14
“…(= 3; Lenton, 2013) is the fire frequency constant and “ignit” is an ignition factor representing the fire frequency as a function of oxygen (Lenton, 2013; Lenton et al., 2018; Lenton and Watson, 2000b): ignit=min {max {c1pO2− c2,0} ,c3} , (84) with c1 = 48, c2 = 9.08, and c3 = 5 (Lenton, 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe impact of Snowball Earth glaciation on ocean water δ 18 O values
Defliese, W. F. (2020) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116661 · Cited by 12
Lei, Y., Cao, H., Wang, X., Zhang, D., Wang, W., & Guo, X. (2022) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111083 · Cited by 11
Organic geochemistry evidence for wildfire and elevated pO2 at the Frasnian–Famennian boundary
Liu, Z., Tian, H., Selby, D. S., Hu, J., & Over, D. J. (2022) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103904 · Cited by 12
A synthesis of the Cretaceous wildfire record related to atmospheric oxygen levels?
Lü, D.-W., Du, W., Zhang, Z., Gao, Y., Wang, T., Xu, J., Zhang, A., & Wang, C. (2023) · Journal of Palaeogeography · doi:10.1016/j.jop.2023.10.001 · Cited by 11
The effects of bathymetry on the long-term carbon cycle and CCD
Bogumil, M., Mittal, T., & Lithgow‐Bertelloni, C. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2400232121 · Cited by 11
Rogger, J., Judd, E. J., Mills, B. J. W., Goddéris, Y., Gerya, T., & Pellissier, L. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adn3450 · Cited by 13
Self-citationPredicting biosignatures for nutrient-limited biospheres
Nicholson, A., Daines, S. J., Mayne, N. J., Eager-Nash, J. K., Lenton, T. M., & Kohary, K. I. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2086 · Cited by 11
Self-citationHeterogeneous sulfide reoxidation buffered oxygen release in the Ediacaran Shuram ocean
Shi, W., Mills, B. J. W., Algeo, T. J., Poulton, S. W., Newton, R. J., Dodd, M. S., Zhang, Z., Zheng, L., He, T., Hou, M., et al. (2023) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.07.018 · Cited by 10
Self-citation“Hypoxic” Silurian oceans suggest early animals thrived in a low-O2 world
Haxen, E. R., Schovsbo, N. H., Nielsen, A. T., Richoz, S., Loydell, D. K., Posth, N. R., Canfield, D. E., & Hammarlund, E. U. (2023) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118416 · Cited by 12
Speed of thermal adaptation of terrestrial vegetation alters Earth’s long-term climate
Rogger, J., Mills, B. J. W., Gerya, T., & Pellissier, L. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adj4408 · Cited by 9
“This is in the range of estimates for present-day total organic carbon burial ( 16 ) and was chosen so that the fraction of organic carbon burial at present day amounts to 0.20 to 0.25% of the modeled total gross carbon burial flux ( 43 ).”
InfluentialSelf-citationExploring Neoproterozoic climate and biogeochemical evolution in the SCION model
Mills, B. J. W., Hir, G. L., Merdith, A., Gurung, K., Bowyer, F. T., Krause, A. J., Sánchez‐Baracaldo, P., Hunter, S. J., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.104791 · Cited by 12
“Since the first GEOCARB model (Berner, 1991), several numerical models have attempted to reconstruct long-term Phanerozoic biogeo-chemistry (e.g. GEOCARBSULF: Royer et al., 2014; MAGic: Arvidson et al., 2013; COPSE: Lenton et al., 2018).”
InfluentialSelf-citationDiversification to extinction: oceanic and climatic context of the Ordovician
Liu, M., Bao, X., Harper, D., Algeo, T. J., Zhao, M., Saltzman, M., Zhang, W., Chen, D.-Z., Yuan, S., Chen, Y.-H., et al. (2025) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105194 · Cited by 10
Plate tectonics, carbon, and climate
Hartmann, J. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax1657 · Cited by 10
Calcium isotope constraints on a Middle Ordovician carbon isotope excursion
Adiatma, Y., Saltzman, M. R., & Griffith, E. M. (2024) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118805 · Cited by 10
Scott, A. C. (2021) · Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology · doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104540 · Cited by 10
Significance of the Terrestrial Sink in the Biogeochemical Sulfur Cycle
Joo, Y. J., Sim, M. S., Madden, M. E. E., & Soreghan, G. S. (2022) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl097009 · Cited by 10
“In the present-day sulfur cycle, pyrite deposition is generally considered to be <40% of the total sulfur flux from the ocean, with a recent triple sulfur isotope study reporting 20%–35% (Canfield, 2013; Kump & Garrels, 1986; Lenton et al., 2018; Ono et al., 2006; Tostevin et al., 2014; Figure 3).”
BackgroundSong, L., Chen, Q., Li, H., & Deng, C.-Z. (2023) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101537 · Cited by 10
Minimum levels of atmospheric oxygen from fossil tree roots imply new plant−oxygen feedback
Sønderholm, F., & Bjerrum, C. J. (2021) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12435 · Cited by 10
“…provide minimum levels of atmospheric pO2 in the geological past, which can be used to evaluate existing O2 models (see, e.g. Krause et al., 2018; Lenton et al., 2018; Schachat et al., 2018); and (b) present a positive feedback mechanism involving pO2, root intensity (defined here as root…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialXie, W., Wang, W., Tan, J., Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Song, X., & Mansour, A. (2023) · Palaeoworld · doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2023.06.002 · Cited by 10
Terrestrialization: toward a shared framework for ecosystem evolution
Boyce, C. K., & Nelsen, M. P. (2025) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/pab.2024.15 · Cited by 9
“…sedimentation and fluvial transport, weathering and soil formation, organic matter deposition, and the carbon cycle (Berner 1992, 2003, 2006; Davies and Gibling 2010, 2013; Boyce and Lee 2017; Lenton et al. 2018; Ibarra et al. 2019; D ’ Antonio et al. 2020; Ielpi et al. 2022; Boyce et al. 2023).”
Li, Z., Lenton, T. M., Zhang, F., Chen, Z., & Daines, S. J. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59038-0 · Cited by 9
“…we assume that the oxygen levels of bottom waters are controlled by the balance between oxygen supply — through the transport of surface waters equilibrated with the atmosphere — and oxygen demand, which is in fl uenced by the supply of limiting nutrients and the ef fi ciency of nutrient uptake 36 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationSun, H., Xiao, Y., Wang, Y., Tong, F., Gu, H., Ge, C., Wang, F., An, Z., Shan, E., Zhang, M., et al. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02420-z · Cited by 9
“Thisincreaselikelyledtoarapidrise in global surface temperatures (~1.5 °C) and an accelerated hydrological cycle 44 .”
InfluentialRepeated occurrences of marine anoxia under high atmospheric O 2 and icehouse conditions
Chen, J., Li, S., Zhang, S., Isson, T. T., Dahl, T. W., Planavsky, N. J., Zhang, F., Wang, X., Shen, S., & Montañez, I. P. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2420505122 · Cited by 10
“S8) overlaps with the lower range of the latest estimates of atmospheric O 2 through this time interval (4), albeit with superimposed shorter - term variability not captured by previous studies (4, 13, 82, 83).”
InfluentialAlgeo, T. J., Remírez, M., Zhao, H., Schwark, L., Gordon, G. W., Anbar, A. D., Bates, S. M., Lyons, T. W., Over, D. J., & Sageman, B. B. (2025) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105135 · Cited by 9
Late Permian soil-forming paleoenvironments on Gondwana: A review
Gulbranson, E. L., Sheldon, N. D., Montañez, I. P., Tabor, N. J., & McIntosh, J. A. (2021) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110762 · Cited by 9
Chen, B., Zhang, M.-Q., Qie, W., Liang, K., Lu, J., Joachimski, M. M., & Ma, X. (2022) · Palaeoworld · doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2022.12.010 · Cited by 9
Bioturbation and the δ56Fe signature of dissolved iron fluxes from marine sediments
van de Velde, S., Dale, A. W., & Arndt, S. (2023) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.220010 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Lenton, T. M., Daines, S. J., & Mills, B. J. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lenton, Timothy M.
- Venue
- Earth-Science Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 178
- Pages
- 1-28
- ISSN
- 0012-8252 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2772093563
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 14.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Earth-Science Reviews (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Leeds
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/P013651/1, NE/N018508/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
- Keywords
- atmospheric oxygen, atmospheric CO2, sulfate, strontium isotopes, ocean anoxia, seafloor weathering, volcanic rock weathering, land plants, carbon cycle modeling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
