ENLIGHT: A consensus checklist for reporting laboratory-based studies on the non-visual effects of light in humans
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on reporting light characteristics in studies investigating non-visual responses to light. This project aimed to develop a reporting checklist for laboratory-based investigations on the impact of light on non-visual physiology. METHODS: A four-step modified Delphi process (three questionnaire-based feedback rounds and one face-to-face group discussion) involving international experts was conducted to reach consensus on the items to be included in the checklist. Following the consensus process, the resulting checklist was tested in a pilot phase with independent experts. FINDINGS: An initial list of 61 items related to reporting light-based interventions was condensed to a final checklist containing 25 items, based upon consensus among experts (final n = 60). Nine items were deemed necessary to report regardless of research question or context. A description of each item is provided in the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration (E&E) document. The independent pilot testing phase led to minor textual clarifications in the checklist and E&E document. INTERPRETATION: The ENLIGHT Checklist is the first consensus-based checklist for documenting and reporting ocular light-based interventions for human studies. The implementation of the checklist will enhance the impact of light-based research by ensuring comprehensive documentation, enhancing reproducibility, and enabling data aggregation across studies. FUNDING: Network of European Institutes for Advanced Study (NETIAS) Constructive Advanced Thinking (CAT) programme; Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship (Wellcome Trust, 204686/Z/16/Z); Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development VENI fellowship (2020-09150161910128); U.S. Department of Defense Grant (W81XWH-16-1-0223); National University of Singapore (NUHSRO/2022/038/Startup/08); and National Research Foundation Singapore (NRF2022-THE004-0002).
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At present, there is considerable heterogeneity in methods across studies regarding light exposure parameters, and in reporting them, with mixed findings.
“At present, there is considerable heterogeneity in methods across studies regarding these parameters, and in reporting them [45], with mixed findings [46, 47].”
Physiological reactions to light depend on several variables, including the timing and duration of exposure, prior light exposure, and the intensity and spectral composition of the light.
“These physiological reactions to light depend on several variables, including the timing and duration of exposure, prior light exposure, and the intensity and spectral composition of the light [45].”
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Self-citationHosseini, S. N., Kreidler, N. B., & Nelson, R. J. (2026) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/19375867261499683
- Authors
- Spitschan, M., Kervezee, L., Lok, R., McGlashan, E., Najjar, R. P., Allen, A. E., Andersen, M., Bará, S., Blattner, P., Blume, C., Boivin, D. B., Bonmatí-Carrión, M.-Á., Broszio, K., Brown, T. M., Chellappa, S. L., Duffy, J. F., Eto, T., Flynn-Evans, E., Fotios, S., Gabel, V., Garbazza, C., Glickman, G., Gordijn, M. C., Hanifin, J. P., Hartstein, L., Herf, M., Higuchi, S., Hilditch, C. J., Houser, K. W., Hurlbert, A., LeBourgeois, M. K., Lockley, S., Lucas, R., Moreno, C. R. C., Münch, M., Mure, L. S., Peirson, S., Rahman, S., Revell, V. L., Rodriguez, R. G., Roecklein, K., Rukmini, A. V., Sammarco, J., Santhi, N., Schlangen, L. J. M., Schöllhorn, I., Sharkey, K. M., Skene, D. J., Sletten, T. L., Smolders, K. C. H. J., Stefani, O., Stone, J. E., Teikari, P., Terman, M., Quoc, K. T., Tsubota, K., Udovicic, L., Vandewalle, G., Veitch, J. A., CélineVetter, Wu, L. M., Zauner, J., & Zeitzer, J.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics (DE)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Stanford University (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Spitschan, Manuel
- Kervezee, Laura
- Lok, Renske
- McGlashan, Elise
- Najjar, Raymond P.
- ORCID
- Spitschan, Manuel
- Kervezee, Laura
- Lok, Renske
- McGlashan, Elise
- Najjar, Raymond P.
- Allen, Annette E.
- Andersen, Marilyne
- Bará, Salvador
- Blattner, Peter
- Blume, Christine
- Boivin, Diane B.
- Broszio, Kai
- Brown, Timothy M.
- Chellappa, Sarah Laxhmi
- Duffy, Jeanne F.
- Eto, Taisuke
- Fotios, Steve
- Gabel, Virginie
- Garbazza, Corrado
- Glickman, Gena
- Gordijn, Marijke C.
- Hanifin, John P.
- Hartstein, Lauren
- Herf, Michael
- Higuchi, Shigekazu
- Hilditch, Cassie J.
- Houser, Kevin W.
- Hurlbert, Anya
- LeBourgeois, Monique K.
- Lockley, Steven
- Lucas, Robert
- Münch, Mirjam
- Mure, Ludovic S.
- Peirson, Stuart
- Rahman, Shadab
- Revell, Victoria L.
- Roecklein, Kathryn
- Rukmini, A.V.
- Santhi, Nayantara
- Schlangen, Luc J.M.
- Schöllhorn, Isabel
- Sharkey, Katherine M.
- Skene, Debra J.
- Sletten, Tracey L.
- Smolders, Karin C.H.J.
- Stefani, Oliver
- Stone, Julia E.
- Teikari, Petteri
- Tsubota, Kazuo
- Vandewalle, Gilles
- Veitch, Jennifer A.
- Wu, Lisa M.
- Zauner, Johannes
- Zeitzer, Jamie
- Venue
- eBioMedicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-12
- Volume
- 98
- Pages
- 104889
- ISSN
- 2352-3964 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10704221
- OpenAlex
- W4389280561
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 25.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- EBioMedicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Opin vísindi (Opin vísindi) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Conicet (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (204686/Z/16/Z)
- National Research Foundation (NRF2022-THE004-0002)
- Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (2020\u201309150161910128)
- Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-16-1-0223, NUHSRO/2022/038/Startup/08)
- National University of Singapore
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular and Laser Science Research
- Keywords
- non-visual effects of light, reporting checklist, light characteristics, reproducibility, data aggregation, expert consensus
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Research Design, United States, Reproducibility of Results, Resin Cements, Consensus, Checklist
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