Shift work and cancer risk: potential mechanistic roles of circadian disruption, light at night, and sleep deprivation
Abstract
Shift work that includes a nighttime rotation has become an unavoidable attribute of today's 24-h society. The related disruption of the human circadian time organization leads in the short-term to an array of jet-lag-like symptoms, and in the long-run it may contribute to weight gain/obesity, metabolic syndrome/type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies also suggest increased cancer risk, especially for breast cancer, in night and rotating female shift workers. If confirmed in more controlled and detailed studies, the carcinogenic effect of night and shift work will constitute additional serious medical, economic, and social problems for a substantial proportion of the working population. Here, we examine the possible multiple and interconnected cancer-promoting mechanisms as a consequence of shift work, i.e., repeated disruption of the circadian system, pineal hormone melatonin suppression by exposure to light at night, sleep-deprivation-caused impairment of the immune system, plus metabolic changes favoring obesity and generation of proinflammatory reactive oxygen species.
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The circadian system and its prime marker, melatonin, are considered to have antitumor effects through multiple pathways, including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and immune enhancement.
“The circadian system and its prime marker, melatonin, are considered to have antitumor effects through multiple pathways, including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and immune enhancement.33-37”
From Total and Cause-Specific Mortality of U.S. Nurses Working Rotating Night Shifts (2015) · cites this paper as [34]
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PINEAL GLAND AND BREAST CANCER
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“Although beyond the scope of this review, circadian rhythm disturbances (i.e., shift work) and co-occurring sleep disturbance are implicated in cancer risk (for a review, see Haus & Smolensky 2013).”
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“The physiological mechanisms remain unknown but few are suggested, including melatonin suppression, circadian disruption and chronic sleep deprivation (Haus and Smolensky 2013).”
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- Authors
- Haus, E. L., & Smolensky, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Regions Hospital (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 273-284
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2139672495
- Cited by
- 499
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 19
- FWCI
- 3.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Keywords
- shift work, circadian rhythm disruption, light at night, sleep deprivation, cancer risk, breast cancer, melatonin suppression, pineal gland, immune dysfunction, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, reactive oxygen species, inflammation, jet lag
- MeSH terms
- Cell Cycle, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Light, Melatonin, Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Sleep Deprivation, Work Schedule Tolerance, Epigenesis, Genetic
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