Cited by 151Circadian rhythm and melatoninRetinal Development and DisordersVisual perception and processing mechanisms

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells of the human retina

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Mure, Ludovic S.·2021·Frontiers in Neurology

Abstract

Light profoundly affects our mental and physical health. In particular, light, when not delivered at the appropriate time, may have detrimental effects. In mammals, light is perceived not only by rods and cones but also by a subset of retinal ganglion cells that express the photopigment melanopsin that renders them intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs). ipRGCs participate in contrast detection and play critical roles in non-image-forming vision, a set of light responses that include circadian entrainment, pupillary light reflex (PLR), and the modulation of sleep/alertness, and mood. ipRGCs are also found in the human retina, and their response to light has been characterized indirectly through the suppression of nocturnal melatonin and PLR. However, until recently, human ipRGCs had rarely been investigated directly. This gap is progressively being filled as, over the last years, an increasing number of studies provided descriptions of their morphology, responses to light, and gene expression. Here, I review the progress in our knowledge of human ipRGCs, in particular, the different morphological and functional subtypes described so far and how they match the murine subtypes. I also highlight questions that remain to be addressed. Investigating ipRGCs is critical as these few cells play a major role in our well-being. Additionally, as ipRGCs display increased vulnerability or resilience to certain disorders compared to conventional RGCs, a deeper knowledge of their function could help identify therapeutic approaches or develop diagnostic tools. Overall, a better understanding of how light is perceived by the human eye will help deliver precise light usage recommendations and implement light-based therapeutic interventions to improve cognitive performance, mood, and life quality.

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Authors
Mure, L. S.
Affiliations
University of Bern (CH)
Corresponding author
Mure, Ludovic S.
Venue
Frontiers in Neurology
Published
2021-03-25
Volume
12
Pages
636330-636330
ISSN
1664-2295 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3151649762
Cited by
151
References
116
Citations by year
2026: 32 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 5
FWCI
2.81
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Frontiers in Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
Funders
University of Bern
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Keywords
intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, melanopsin, human retina, non-image-forming vision, circadian entrainment, pupillary light reflex, melatonin suppression, light perception, phototherapy

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