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Age-Dependent and Gender-Dependent Regulation of Hypothalamic-Adrenocorticotropic-Adrenal Axis
Open accessAbstract
Tightly regulated output of glucocorticoids is critical to maintaining immune competence, the structure of neurons, muscle, and bone, blood pressure, glucose homeostasis, work capacity, and vitality in the human and experimental animal. Age, sex steroids, gender, stress, body composition, and disease govern glucocorticoid availability through incompletely understood mechanisms. According to an ensemble concept of neuroendocrine regulation, successful stress adaptations require repeated incremental signaling adjustments among hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin, pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone, and adrenal corticosteroids. Signals are transduced via (positive) feedforward and (negative) feedback effects. Age and gonadal steroids strongly modulate stress-adaptive glucocorticoid secretion by such interlinked pathways.
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“Older men have a phase-advanced acrophase of almost 3 h”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [67]
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“so the 1500 to 1800 time period represents a later circadian time compared to young men [67].”
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“These [65, 66] and other [67] studies are consistent in showing that age is associated with higher late-afternoon and early-evening cortisol, and an advance in the timing (i.e. phase) of the cortisol rhythm, but not with cortisol-binding protein [68].”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [67]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Veldhuis, J. D., Sharma, A., & Roelfsema, F.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Veldhuis, Johannes D.
- Venue
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 201-225
- ISSN
- 0889-8529 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3675779
- OpenAlex
- W2070843702
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 261
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 0.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK050456, R01DK073148, DK050456)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024150)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoid regulation, aging, sex differences, sex steroids, corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin, ACTH, stress adaptation, neuroendocrine regulation, glucocorticoid negative feedback, positive feedback
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Aging, Animals, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Sex Characteristics, Feedback, Physiological
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