Cited by 6Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactSynthesis and properties of polymers

Epidemiological perspectives on PFAS: Environmental fate, health risks, and global mitigation strategies

Open access
Liu, Jiahao, Ge, Tingting, Luo, Cheng, Ning, Anhui, Xi, Yan, Li, Siqi, Gu, Qihong, Li, Dingding +4 more·2026·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Abstract

Global economic growth and advances in science and technology have brought many conveniences to human life, but they have also increased environmental pollution, and its effects finally act on human health. Therefore, governments and researchers around the world are focusing on the risk assessment and control of emerging pollutants, trying to solve the problem of “pollute first, treat later”. This review takes per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a type of emerging pollutant, as the research subject, and by sorting out their sources, environmental fate, biological transfer, and their effects on the Earth’s environment and human health, it explains the hazards of these compounds in a systematic way. It also compares traditional PFAS with new PFAS alternatives in some sections, clarifies the toxicity of the new alternatives, and summarizes potential low-toxic or non-toxic PFAS substitutes. In addition, this review summarizes the control policies and their effects in major countries around the world, aiming to identify more effective measures, promote the scientific management of PFAS, and achieve the concept of “One Health”, which coordinates the health of the Earth, animals, and humans. • The role of PFAS in MASLD and disrupted lipid metabolism. • Sex-specific impacts on reproductive and developmental systems. • Mechanisms of neurotoxicity involving neurotransmitter imbalance. • Immunosuppressive effects, particularly following prenatal exposure. • Carcinogenic pathways in liver, thyroid, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120050

Cites

107 of 107 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Liu, J., Ge, T., Luo, C., Ning, A., Xi, Y., Li, S., Gu, Q., Li, D., Zhang, X., Hou, Y., Chu, M., & Zhang, Y.
Affiliations
Nantong University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Chu, Minjie
  • Zhang, Yan
Venue
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2026-04
Volume
314
Pages
120050
ISSN
0147-6513 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W7140867470
Cited by
6
References
107
Citations by year
2026: 6
FWCI
3.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Graduate Research and Innovation Projects of Jiangsu Province (KYCX20_2852, KYCX23_3436, KYCX21_3126)
  • Science and Technology Project of Nantong City (JC22022002, JC22022004, MS22022062)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC2503202)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (82203771, 82273715)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Synthesis and properties of polymers
Keywords
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, emerging contaminants, environmental fate, human health risk, PFAS alternatives, PFAS regulation, One Health, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, lipid metabolism, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, immunosuppression, prenatal exposure, carcinogenicity, liver cancer, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer
MeSH terms
Animals, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollution, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Risk Assessment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review