Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 3,465

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research

Richardson, John T.E.·2011·Educational Research Review
DOI 10.1016/j.edurev.2010.12.001
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.edurev.2010.12.001

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 9 references

Research works printed but not linked: 31

  1. Abelson, 1985, A variance explanation paradox: When a little is a lot, Psychological Bulletin, 97, 129, 10.1037/0033-2909.97.1.129 · DOI · Paper page
  2. American Educational Research Association, 2006, Standards for reporting on empirical social science research in AERA publications, Educational Researcher, 35, 33, 10.3102/0013189X035006033 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Bakeman, 2005, Recommended effect size statistics for repeated measures designs, Behavior Research Methods, 37, 379, 10.3758/BF03192707 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Bakeman, 2006, The practical importance of findings, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 71, 127
  5. Blöte, 2000, Mental computation and conceptual understanding, Learning and Instruction, 10, 221, 10.1016/S0959-4752(99)00028-6 · DOI
  6. Bornholt, 2000, Social and personal aspects of self knowledge: A balance of individuality and belonging, Learning and Instruction, 10, 415, 10.1016/S0959-4752(00)00006-2 · DOI
  7. Cooper, 1982, Expected effect sizes: Estimates for statistical power analysis in social psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 168, 10.1177/014616728281026 · DOI
  8. Fowler, 1985, Point estimates and confidence intervals in measures of association, Psychological Bulletin, 98, 160, 10.1037/0033-2909.98.1.160 · DOI
  9. Friedman, 1968, Magnitude of experimental effect and a table for its rapid estimation, Psychological Bulletin, 70, 245, 10.1037/h0026258 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Glass, 1969, Measures of association in comparative experiments: Their development and interpretation, American Educational Research Journal, 6, 403, 10.3102/00028312006003403 · DOI
  11. Haase, 1982, How significant is a significant difference? Average effect size of research in counseling psychology, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 58, 10.1037/0022-0167.29.1.58 · DOI
  12. Halperin, 1965, Recommended standards for statistical symbols and notation, American Statistician, 19, 12, 10.2307/2681417 · doi:10.2307/2681417
  13. Huberty, 2002, A history of effect size indices, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62, 227, 10.1177/0013164402062002002 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Kelley, 1935, An unbiased correlation ratio measure, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 21, 554, 10.1073/pnas.21.9.554 · DOI
  15. Kennedy, 1970, The eta coefficient in complex ANOVA designs, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 885, 10.1177/001316447003000409 · DOI
  16. Levin, 1967, Misinterpreting the significance of “explained variation”, American Psychologist, 22, 675, 10.1037/h0037681 · DOI
  17. Levine, 2002, Eta squared, partial eta squared, and misreporting of effect size in communication research, Human Communication Research, 28, 612, 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00828.x · DOI · Paper page
  18. O’Grady, 1982, Measures of explained variance: Cautions and limitations, Psychological Bulletin, 92, 766, 10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.766 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.766 · Paper page
  19. Olejnik, 2000, Measures of effect size for comparative studies: Applications, interpretations, and limitations, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 241, 10.1006/ceps.2000.1040 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Olejnik, 2003, Generalized eta and omega squared statistics: Measures of effect size for some common research designs, Psychological Methods, 8, 434, 10.1037/1082-989X.8.4.434 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Pearson, 1903, Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution: On homotyposis in homologous but differentiated organs, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 71, 288, 10.1098/rspl.1902.0099 · doi:10.1098/rspl.1902.0099
  22. Pearson, 1905
  23. Pearson, 1923, On the correction necessary for the correlation ratio, η, Biometrika, 14, 412
  24. Richardson, 2007, Measuring the relationship between scores on two questionnaires, Educational Research Review, 2, 13, 10.1016/j.edurev.2006.08.002 · DOI
  25. Sechrest, 1982, Magnitudes of experimental effects in social science research, Evaluation Review, 6, 579, 10.1177/0193841X8200600501 · DOI
  26. Smithson, 2001, Correct confidence intervals for various regression effect sizes and parameters: The importance of noncentral distributions in computing intervals, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 605, 10.1177/00131640121971392 · DOI · Paper page
  27. Thompson, 1994, Guidelines for authors, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 837
  28. Thompson, 1996, AERA editorial policies regarding statistical significance testing: Three suggested reforms, Educational Researcher, 25, 26
  29. Thompson, 1999, Journal editorial policies regarding statistical significance tests: Heat is to fire as p is to importance, Educational Psychology Review, 11, 157, 10.1023/A:1022028509820 · DOI
  30. Thompson, 2001, Significance, effect sizes, stepwise methods, and other issues: Strong arguments move the field, Journal of Experimental Education, 70, 80, 10.1080/00220970109599499 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Yeaton, 1981, Meaningful measures of effect, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 766, 10.1037/0022-006X.49.5.766 · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.49.5.766

Cited by

See all 3,465

Metadata

Authors
Richardson, J. T. E.
Venue
Educational Research Review
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-01
Volume
6
Issue
2
Pages
135-147
ISSN
1747-938X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.edurev.2010.12.001
OpenAlex
W2055566656
Cited by
3,465
References
9
FWCI
169.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.edurev.2010.12.001
The paper
Richardson, J. T. E. (2011). Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educational Research Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2010.12.001

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.