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Evaluation of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate in Sprague–Dawley rats
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Ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate, developed for use as a polymerization processing aid in the manufacture of fluoropolymers, was tested for its potential chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity in a 2-year oral dosing study in Sprague-Dawley rats. Male rats were given daily doses of either 0, 0.1, 1 or 50 mg/kg; females were given either 0, 1, 50 or 500 mg/kg. Body weights, food consumption and clinical signs were monitored daily; clinical pathology was conducted at designated intervals and animals were given a complete pathological evaluation after 12 months and 24 months of dosing. Normal survival was seen in all groups, no abnormal clinical signs were seen, and body weight gain was reduced only in female rats at 500 mg/kg. Both sexes at the high dose had mild decreases in red cell mass which were somewhat more pronounced in females. Clinical pathology indicative of liver injury was present in males that received 50 mg/kg and correlated with histomorphological liver changes that included both hypertrophic and degenerative/necrotic lesions. Similar histomorphological lesions were seen in the livers of females at 500 mg/kg. Previous shorter term toxicity studies have identified this chemical as a PPARα agonist and the finding of benign tumors of the liver, pancreas and/or testes in males at 50 mg/kg and females at 500 mg/kg is consistent with the rat response to peroxisome proliferators and is of questionable human relevance. Changes in the kidney, tongue, and stomach were observed only at the highest dose of 500 mg/kg in females. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level in this study lies between 1 and 50 mg/kg for males and between 50 and 500 mg/kg for females.
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The PPARα mechanism does not sufficiently explain all toxicities of all PFAAs, as not all PFAAs produce robust PPARα-mediated responses across species or even among strains of the same species.
“However, this mechanism does not sufficiently explain all toxicities of all PFAAs, as not all PFAAs produce robust PPARα-mediated responses across species or even among strains of the same species.28,29”
From A Never-Ending Story of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)? (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says rodents are more sensitive than other species to liver effects of PPARα agonists, and the Discussion describes differing toxic effects among fluorochemicals. But the paper does not establish that PPARα fails to explain all PFAA toxicities or that PPARα-mediated responses differ among strains of the same species. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Caverly Rae, J. M., Craig, L., Slone, T. W., Frame, S. R., Buxton, L. W., & Kennedy, G. L.
- Affiliations
- MPI Research (United States) (US)
- DuPont (United States) (US)
- ORCID
- Kennedy, Gerald L.
- Venue
- Toxicology Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 939-949
- ISSN
- 2214-7500 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5598527
- OpenAlex
- W840856879
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Toxicology Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- DuPont
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
- Keywords
- chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, fluorinated polymers, PPARα agonist, peroxisome proliferators, liver injury, benign liver tumors, no-observed-adverse-effect level, oral administration, Sprague-Dawley rats
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