Significant decline of Daphnia magna population biomass due to microplastic exposure
Open accessAbstract
Even though microplastics are intensively studied, the focus of the research is mainly on relatively short term effects at high doses. Therefore there is a need to shift the focus toward more realistic, longer-term endpoints. Studies with a range of chemicals have shown that the response of populations often differs from studies in which a single organism is exposed in an individual container (as often described within standard ecotox screening assays). Here we investigate the impact of primary microplastics (1-5 μm in size) on a population of Daphnia magna. We first allowed a stable population of D. magna to develop over 29 d, after which the populations were exposed to microplastics for three weeks (concentrations ranging from 10 2 to 10 5 particles mL-1 and a control). We found a significant impact of microplastics on the total population of D. magna, with a reduction in the amount of adult daphnids. Importantly, when expressed as total biomass, exposure to 10 5 microplastics mL-1 resulted in a 21% reduction in total biomass compared to control. These results indicate that exposure to microplastics can result in significant adverse effects on the population of D. magna, including a reduction in the number of individuals as well as total biomass. Given the importance of D. magna in freshwater food webs, both as a grazer as well as a food source, this can potentially impact the functioning of the ecosystem.
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The mixed effects of microplastics at the community scale, coupled with several reports of negative impacts at the individual or population scale, point to an apparent mismatch in effects across scales.
“The mixed effects of microplastics at the community scale, coupled with several reports of negative impacts of microplastics at the individual or population scale (Bosker et al., 2019;Liu et al., 2022;Ogonowski et al., 2016;Schür et al., 2020) point to an apparent mismatch in effects across scales.”
From No Effect of Realistic Concentrations of Polyester Microplastic Fibers on Freshwater Zooplankton Communities (2024) · cites this paper as Bosker et al., 2019
At the population scale, exposure to microplastics has resulted in reduced Daphnia population biomass, microalgae biomass, and population size of calanoid copepods.
“At the population scale, exposure to microplastics has resulted in reduced Daphnia population biomass (Bosker et al., 2019), microalgae biomass (Green et al., 2016), and population size of calanoid copepods (Heindler et al., 2017).”
From No Effect of Realistic Concentrations of Polyester Microplastic Fibers on Freshwater Zooplankton Communities (2024) · cites this paper as Bosker et al., 2019
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BackgroundHuber, E. D., Wilmoth, B., Hintz, L. L., Horvath, A. D., McKenna, J. R., & Hintz, W. D. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121767 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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“High concentrations of polystyrene (PS) affected body size, reproduction, and locomotion in Daphnia magna [24].”
BackgroundHamilton, B. M., Jantunen, L. M., & Rochman, C. M. (2025) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1093/etojnl/vgae040 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
van Uunen, D. L., Kloukinioti, M., Kooter, I. M., Höppener, E. M., Yoe, L. E. A.-C., Brunner, A. M., Boersma, A. R., & Parker, L. A. (2024) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124306 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Drozdowski, A., Musiał, J., Ekner‐Grzyb, A., Soler‐Carracedo, K., & Grzyb, T. (2025) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.202501090 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Chronic toxic effects of fragmented polyvinyl chloride on the water flea Moina macrocopa
Kim, J., Sim, Y., Jeong, J., Jung, J.-H., & Rhee, J. (2023) · Molecular & Cellular Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s13273-023-00372-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…ingest them (Besseling et al. 2014; Nasser and Lynch 2016; Brun et al. 2017; Cui et al. 2017; Aljaibachi and Cal‑ laghan 2018; Horton et al. 2018; Bosker et al. 2019; Lin et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2022; An et al. 2021; Kim and Rhee 2021; De Felice et al. 2022), resulting in…”
InfluentialZhang, Z., Zheng, M., Chen, B., Pan, Y., Yang, Z., & Qian, H. (2020) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00128-020-02956-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Wang, J., Yan, P., & Aurangzeib, M. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167184 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Aquatic Environment
Sandil, S., & Záray, G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51967-3_2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kim, C., Kalčíková, G., & Jung, J. (2024) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106901 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lyu, K., Li, J., Wu, Y., Asselman, J., & Yang, Z. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137225 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sandil, S., Tserendorj, D., Károly, Á., Grenni, P., Rolando, L., Dobosy, P., Dömölki, B., & Záray, G. (2025) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117598 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics and adsorbed contaminants on aquatic organisms
Dioses-Salinas, D. C., Pérez-Baca, B. L., & De-la-Torre, G. E. (2019) · Manglar · doi:10.17268/manglar.2019.024 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Bosker et al. (2019) conducted an assay investigating the impact of PS (1 – 5 µm) on a population of cladoceran Daphnia magna.”
MethodZhou, F., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Xu, S., Chen, D., & Wang, X. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175986 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Portugal, S. D. G. M., Oses, C. A. B., Thiago, M. G. R., & Branco, C. W. C. (2021) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-021-05291-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Microplastics drive community dynamics of periphytic protozoan fauna in marine environments
Wang, N., Wang, Q., Song, S., Sun, Z., Zhao, A., Ali, A., Xu, G., Zhong, X., Wang, F., & Xu, H. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-024-32054-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…MPs affect the growth, development, and reproduction of phytoplankton (e.g., microalgae) and zooplankton (e.g., rotifers, daphnia, ciliates, and copepods) in freshwater biotopes (Agasild and Nõges 2005; Allan et al. 2021; Bosker et al. 2019; Chen et al. 2020; Setälä et al. 2014; Wu et al. 2023).”
Wang, J., Li, M., Gu, L., Sun, Y., Zhu, X., & Yang, Z. (2024) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00128-024-03983-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Similarly, the carrying capacity of D. magna populations decreased in the presence of microplastic-induced food limitations (Bosker et al. 2019).”
Woo, T. J., East, A., & Salice, C. J. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115398 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Automated counting and classifying Daphnia magna using machine vision
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Peng, Y., Xu, N., Su, H., Rao, Q., Cheng, C., Chen, J., Wen, X.-L., & Xie, P. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118290 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Microplastics Abundance in Aquatic Environment and its Impact on Macrobenthos
THAKUR, Y. P., Jindal, R., & Sinha, R. (2025) · Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00027-025-01205-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A chronic experimental setup lasting 3 weeks where daphnids were exposed to 102–105 particles/ml of MPs resulted in a decrease in the total number of adult daphnids (Bosker et al. 2019; Trotter et al. 2021).”
Boyd, A., Lummer, C., Mehta, D., Uhrig, R. G., & Blewett, T. A. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126934 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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The combined effect of temperature and microplastics on Daphnia pulex Leydig, 1860 (Cladocera)
Reyes-Santillán, M. C., Nandini, S., & Sarma, S. S. S. (2025) · Inland Waters · doi:10.1080/20442041.2025.2450945 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“For instance, Bosker et al. (2019) found that microplastics significantly decreased the population growth rates of Daphnia magna .”
Microplastics Contamination in the Environment: An Ecotoxicological Concern
Sreelakshmi, T., & C, C. K. (2021) · International Journal of Zoological Investigations · doi:10.33745/ijzi.2021.v07i01.019 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A study conducted at Leiden University, Netherlands reported a reduction in the total population and biomass of Daphnia magna exposed to microplastics under the laboratory condition thereby affect the population dynamics of the freshwater ecosystems (Bosker et al., 2019).”
BackgroundEffect assessment of nano- and microplastics in freshwater ecosystems
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Microplastic-induced reductions in population abundance and body size of soil nematodes
Sabaani, N., Bacosa, H. P., Paradero, J. T. C., Pardillo, J. J. B., Maglupay, J. R. U., Casas, P. I., Madamba, M. R. S. B., & Martinez, J. G. (2026) · Microplastics and Nanoplastics · doi:10.1186/s43591-026-00175-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For example, exposure of Dapnia magna to MPs resulted in a 21% reduction in total biomass [18].”
Zooplankton Communities: Diversity in Time and Space
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Sahilli, Y. Ç., & Korkmaz, V. (2025) · Biology Bulletin · doi:10.1134/s106235902560922x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“For example, increased antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation have been observed in D. magna exposed to sublethal concentrations of copper (Cu 2+ ) (Barata et al., 2005) while exposure to microplastics has led to reduced reproductive rates and increased mortality (Bosker et al., 2019).”
Zehra, A., & Anbumani, S. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141738 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wei, W., & Chua, S. L. (2026) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2026.06.004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Microplastics in the Biotic Systems
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“(2019) [202] 895 for example counted the offspring over generations to estimate the effects on Daphnia's 896 population and found a significant decline in D.”
BackgroundPolat, C., Yağcılar, Ç., & Yardımcı, M. (2025) · International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences · doi:10.29132/ijpas.1811854
- Authors
- Bosker, T., Olthof, G., Vijver, M. G., Baas, J., & Barmentlo, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bosker, Thijs
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 250
- Pages
- 669-675
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2938902084
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 4.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) (acceptedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- microplastics, Daphnia magna, population biomass, long-term exposure, primary microplastics, freshwater zooplankton, population decline (ecology), freshwater food webs, ecotoxicology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Daphnia, Fresh Water, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Ecosystem, Biomass
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