Characterizing microplastic hazards: which concentration metrics and particle characteristics are most informative for understanding toxicity in aquatic organisms?
Open accessAbstract
There is definitive evidence that microplastics, defined as plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, are ubiquitous in the environment and can cause harm to aquatic organisms. These findings have prompted legislators and environmental regulators to seek out strategies for managing risk. However, microplastics are also an incredibly diverse contaminant suite, comprising a complex mixture of physical and chemical characteristics (e.g., sizes, morphologies, polymer types, chemical additives, sorbed chemicals, and impurities), making it challenging to identify which particle characteristics might influence the associated hazards to aquatic life. In addition, there is a lack of consensus on how microplastic concentrations should be reported. This not only makes it difficult to compare concentrations across studies, but it also begs the question as to which concentration metric may be most informative for hazard characterization. Thus, an international panel of experts was convened to identify 1) which concentration metrics (e.g., mass or count per unit of volume or mass) are most informative for the development of health-based thresholds and risk assessment and 2) which microplastic characteristics best inform toxicological concerns. Based on existing knowledge, it is recommended that microplastic concentrations in toxicity tests are calculated from both mass and count at minimum, though ideally researchers should report additional metrics, such as volume and surface area, which may be more informative for specific toxicity mechanisms. Regarding particle characteristics, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that particle size is a critical determinant of toxicological outcomes, particularly for the mechanisms of food dilution and tissue translocation .
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Exposure in humans includes a diversity of particles present in environmental samples, including numerous polymer types, morphologies, additives, and sizes.
“Exposure in humans includes a diversity of particles present in environmental samples (e.g., numerous polymer types, morphologies, additives, sizes).32,33”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes microplastics as a diverse group of materials with features including size, morphology, polymer type, and chemical additives, and discusses environmental monitoring data. It does not establish that human exposure includes that diversity of particles, so the human-exposure portion is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExposure in humans includes a diversity of particles present in environmental samples, including numerous polymer types, morphologies, additives, and sizes.
“Exposure in humans includes a diversity of particles present in environmental samples (e.g., numerous polymer types, morphologies, additives, sizes).32,33”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
The Introduction (page not available) lists size, morphology, polymer type, and chemical additives as microplastic features, and the ‘Microplastic characteristics of toxicological concern’ section describes their physical and chemical diversity. The paper discusses environmental microplastics and aquatic-organism toxicity, but these passages do not establish that human exposure includes that diversity of particles. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe diversity of microplastics in the environment poses a challenge for establishing a risk assessment framework.
“The diversity of microplastics in the environment poses a challenge for establishing a risk assessment framework.33”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
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Twenty years of microplastic pollution research—what have we learned?
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Meta-analysis of the hazards of microplastics in freshwaters using species sensitivity distributions
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Size Distributions of Microplastics in the St Louis Estuary and Western Lake Superior
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Impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on human health: Mechanistic insights and exposure pathways
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Nanoplastic exposure inhibits feeding and delays regeneration in a freshwater planarian
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Green production of plant/collagen-based antibacterial polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite films
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Ensuring representative sample volume predictions in microplastic monitoring
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Value for money: a cost-effectiveness analysis of microplastic analytics in seawater
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Detection and characterisation of microplastics in animal feed
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Dynamics of microplastic abundance under tidal fluctuation in Musi estuary, Indonesia
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“32,33 The diversity of microplastics in the environment poses a challenge for establishing a risk assessment framework.”
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A macroplastic vulnerability index for marine mammals, seabirds, and sea turtles in Hawai‘i
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Self-citationMicroplastics in the Mississippi River System during Flash Drought Conditions
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A brief history of microplastics effect testing: Guidance and prospect
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Hidden hazards: microplastics in intravenous admixtures and their path into the body
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Micro(nano)plastic detection in soils: analytical techniques, AI applications, and future challenges
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A Microplastic Pollution Hotspot: Elevated Levels in Sediments from the San Francisco Bay Area
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Museum-archived myctophids reveal decadal trends in microplastic and microfiber ingestion
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Dissection of the potential mechanism of polystyrene microplastic exposure on cardiomyocytes
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Dilution effect of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers on reproduction of Daphnia magna
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Monitoring moss reveals widespread deposition of airborne microplastics across the UK
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The effects of plastic pollution on biodiversity
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- Authors
- Thornton Hampton, L. M., Brander, S. M., Coffin, S., Cole, M., Hermabessiere, L., Koelmans, A. A., & Rochman, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- State of California (US)
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory (GB)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- Microplastics and Nanoplastics
- Published
- 2022-08-06
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2662-4966 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4290091001
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 7.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Microplastics and Nanoplastics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Marine Biological Association (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- California State Water Resources Control Board
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/V007351/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- microplastics, particle size, particle properties, aquatic toxicity, hazard characterization, mass concentration, surface area, risk assessment, expert panel consensus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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