Montmorillonite clay-based sorbents decrease the bioavailability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from soil and their translocation to plants
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Consumption of food and water contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) presents a significant risk for human exposure. There is limited data on high affinity sorbents that can be used to reduce the bioavailability of PFAS from soil and translocation to plants and garden produce. To address this need, montmorillonite clay was amended with the nutrients carnitine and choline to increase the hydrophobicity of the sorbent and the interlayer spacing. In this study, the binding of PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid) to parent and amended clays was characterized. Isothermal analyses were conducted at pH 7 and ambient temperature to simulate environmentally-relevant conditions. The data for all tested sorbents fit the Langmuir model indicating saturable binding sites with high capacities and affinities under neutral conditions. Amended montmorillonite clays had increased capacities for PFOA and PFOS (0.51-0.71 mol kg-1) compared to the parent clay (0.37-0.49 mol kg-1). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested that hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions at the terminal fluorinated carbon chains of PFAS compounds were major modes of surface interaction. The safety and efficacy of the clays were confirmed in a living organism (Lemna minor), where clays (at 0.1% inclusion) allowed for increased growth compared to PFOA and PFOS controls (p ≤ 0.01). Importantly, soil studies showed that 2% sorbent inclusion could significantly reduce PFAS bioavailability from soil (up to 74%). Studies in plants demonstrated that inclusion of 2% sorbent significantly reduced PFAS residues in cucumber plants (p ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that nutrient-amended clays could be included in soil to decrease PFAS bioavailability and translocation of PFAS to plants.
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Soil amendments, such as clays or immobilization agents, can significantly reduce PFAS bioavailability and plant uptake.
“Soil amendments, such as clays or immobilization agents, can significantly reduce PFAS bioavailability and plant uptake, offering potential remediation strategies [166,167].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [167]
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- Authors
- Hearon, S. E., Orr, A. A., Moyer, H., Wang, M., Tamamis, P., & Phillips, T. D.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Phillips, Timothy D.
- Venue
- Environmental Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-04
- Volume
- 205
- Pages
- 112433
- ISSN
- 0013-9351 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8760172
- OpenAlex
- W4200337945
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 3.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 251 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Environmental Research (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42 ES027704)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, montmorillonite, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, L-carnitine, choline, soil contamination, plant uptake, cucumber, Lemna minor, Langmuir isotherm, molecular dynamics simulation, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, remediation
- MeSH terms
- Clay, Bentonite, Biological Availability, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Soil, Alkanesulfonic Acids
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