Association between prenatal exposure to PFAS and fetal sex hormones: Are the short-chain PFAS safer?
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence regarding the effects of in utero exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), particularly short-chain PFAS, on fetal reproductive hormones is limited and inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the relationship between maternal PFAS exposure and fetal reproductive hormones. A total of 752 mother-infant pairs who were recruited in the Shanghai Birth Cohort Study between 2013 and 2016 were selected. We quantified 10 PFAS, including two short-chain PFAS congeners (perfluorobutanesulfonate, PFBS and perfluoroheptanoic acid, PFHpA), in maternal blood plasma in early pregnancy. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and total testosterone (TT) were measured in the umbilical cord blood using chemiluminescence kits. Free androgen index (FAI) was calculated by TT divided by SHBG. Multiple linear regression found that one ln-unit increase in maternal PFBS was associated with decreases in FSH (-0.159; 95% CI: -0.290, -0.029), LH (-0.113; 95% CI: -0.221, -0.004), and FAI (-0.009; 95% CI: -0.017, -0.001). In addition, PFHpA showed negative associations with LH (-0.154; 95% CI: -0.297, -0.011) and FAI (-0.008; 95% CI: -0.014, -0.002). When PFAS were analyzed in quartiles, significant negative associations were observed between PFBS and FSH, and between PFHpA and FAI. Overall, prenatal exposure to PFBS and PFHpA was associated with the disturbance of fetal gonadotropins as well as free androgen level in this prospective cohort, suggesting that the reproductive toxicity of short-chain PFAS may not be neglected.
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Nian et al. found stronger associations between exposure to PFBS and PFHpA and elevated levels of fetal gonadotropins and SHBG, in contrast to long-chain PFASs.
“Nian et al. [208] found stronger associations between exposure to PFBS and PFHpA and elevated levels of fetal gonadotropins and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), in contrast to long-chain PFASs.”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [208]
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- Authors
- Nian, M., Luo, K., Luo, F., Aimuzi, R., Huo, X., Chen, Q., Tian, Y., & Zhang, J.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Jun
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2020-06-11
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 8291-8299
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W3035724738
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (41991314, 81803246)
- Shanghai Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission
- National Human Genetic Resources Sharing Service Platform (2005DKA21300)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, short-chain PFAS, prenatal exposure, gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, free androgen index, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, sex hormone-binding globulin, perfluorobutanesulfonate, PFHpA, reproductive toxicity, umbilical cord blood
- MeSH terms
- China, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Infant, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prospective Studies, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Testosterone, Cohort Studies
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