Cited by 1,503Mental Health Treatment and AccessHealth and Medical StudiesPsychiatric care and mental health services

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Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe—a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies

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Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Jacobi, Frank·2005·European Neuropsychopharmacology

DOI 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.012

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Abstract

Epidemiological data on a wide range of mental disorders from community studies conducted in European countries are presented to determine the availability and consistency of prevalence, disability and treatment findings for the EU. Using a stepwise multimethod approach, 27 eligible studies with quite variable designs and methods including over 150,000 subjects from 16 European countries were identified. Prevalence: On the basis of meta-analytic techniques as well as on reanalyses of selected data sets, it is estimated that about 27% (equals 82.7 million; 95% CI: 78.5-87.1) of the adult EU population, 18-65 of age, is or has been affected by at least one mental disorder in the past 12 months. Taking into account the considerable degree of comorbidity (about one third had more than one disorder), the most frequent disorders are anxiety disorders, depressive, somatoform and substance dependence disorders. When taking into account design, sampling and other methodological differences between studies, little evidence seems to exist for considerable cultural or country variation. Disability and treatment: despite very divergent and fairly crude assessment strategies, the available data consistently demonstrate (a) an association of all mental disorders with a considerable disability burden in terms of number of work days lost (WLD) and (b) generally low utilization and treatment rates. Only 26% of all cases had any consultation with professional health care services, a finding suggesting a considerable degree of unmet need. The paper highlights considerable future research needs for coordinated EU studies across all disorders and age groups. As prevalence estimates could not simply be equated with defined treatment needs, such studies should determine the degree of met and unmet needs for services by taking into account severity, disability and comorbidity. These needs are most pronounced for the new EU member states as well as more generally for adolescent and older populations.

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Propiedades psicométricas de una nueva versión abreviada del State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) para valorar el nivel de ansiedad en personas mayores
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Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption and Pattern of Use among the Elderly in the WHO European Region
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Typology of adults diagnosed with mental disorders based on socio-demographics and clinical and service use characteristics
Fleury, M., Grenier, G., Bamvita, J., Perreault, M., & Jean-Caron (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-67 · Cited by 27
“More recently, a meta-analysis of 27 studies estimated at 27% the proportion of European adults with at least one mental disorder in the 12 previous months [52].”
Background
Impaired spatial navigation in pediatric anxiety
Mueller, S. C., Temple, V., Cornwell, B., Grillon, C., Pine, D. S., & Monique Ernst, D. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02112.x · Cited by 30
Treatment of anxiety disorders in the Finnish general population
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Ethnic disparities in mental health treatment gap in a community-based survey and in access to care in psychiatric clinics
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“Worldwide, treatment gap in mental health care, measured by the difference between true and treated prevalence, is frequent (Kohn, Saxena, Levav, & Saraceno, 2004; Wang, Aguilar-Gaxiola, et al., 2007; Wittchen & Jacobi, 2005).”
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Prevalence of Insomnia and Associated Factors in Outpatients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder Treated in Psychiatric Clinics
Ferre, F., Páramo, M. P., Ordoño, J. F., & Gómez, V. L. (2016) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2016.1163703 · Cited by 30
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“The heterogeneity of prevalence rates of mental disorders was also reflected in the critical appraisals of European epidemiological studies, where substantial differences were found for both CMD and SMI (Wittchen et al., 2011; Wittchen & Jacobi, 2005).”
BackgroundResult
Antidepressant Usage in Haemodialysis Patients: Evidence of Sub‐Optimal Practice Patterns
Guirguis, A., Chilcot, J., Almond, M. K., Davenport, A., Wellsted, D. M., & Farrington, K. (2020) · Journal of Renal Care · doi:10.1111/jorc.12320 · Cited by 29
“Once established, chronic episodes last an average of five to eight years (Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005).”
Background
The use of the Symptom Checklist 90-R in exploring the factor structure of mental disorders and the neglected fact of comorbidity.
Kostaras, P., Martinaki, S., Asimopoulos, C., Maltezou, M., & Papageorgiou, C. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113522 · Cited by 29
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“Mental health problems account for 20% of all registered incidence of ill health in Europe, which is a higher percentage than for any other group of diseases or injuries (Wittchen & Jacobi, 2005; World Health Organization, 2005).”
Background
Depression Awareness and Self-Management Through the Internet: Protocol for an Internationally Standardized Approach
Arensman, E., Koburger, N., Larkin, C., Karwig, G., Coffey, C., Maxwell, M., Harris, F., Rummel‐Kluge, C., Audenhove, C. V., Sisask, M., et al. (2015) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.4358 · Cited by 29
No praise, please: Depressive symptoms, reactivity to positive social interaction, and fear of positive evaluation
Reichenberger, J., Wiggert, N., Agroskin, D., Wilhelm, F. H., & Jens Blechert, A. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.007 · Cited by 29
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibits a lifetime prevalence rate of 16.2% with mood disorders representing the second most frequent group of disorders after anxiety (Kessler et al., 2003; Wittchen & Jacobi, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Feasibility of a Software agent providing a brief Intervention for Self-help to Uplift psychological wellbeing (“SISU”). A single-group pretest-posttest trial investigating the potential of SISU to act as therapeutic agent
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“In Europe, only about 25% of people with mental disorders receive professional treatment (Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005).”
Tackling Neglect and Mental Health Reform in a Devolved System of Welfare Governance
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“population can expect to experience a mental health problem in any one year (Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005).”
Background
Art in the city reduces the feeling of anxiety, stress, and negative mood: A field study examining the impact of artistic intervention in urban public space on well-being
Mikuni, J., Dehove, M., Dörrzapf, L., Moser, M., Resch, B., Böhm, P. M., Prager, K., Podolin-Danner, N., Oberzaucher, E., & Leder, H. (2024) · Wellbeing Space and Society · doi:10.1016/j.wss.2024.100215 · Cited by 33
The Influence of Transformational Leadership on Employee Well-Being
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“Employees participating in this study were asked to assess how often their managers demonstrate transformational leadership behavior by responding to the item statements on a five-point Likert scale from “never” (1) to “always” (5).”
Background
Medikalisierung sozialer Prozesse
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Influence and interaction of genetic, cognitive, neuroendocrine and personalistic markers to antidepressant response in Chinese patients with major depression
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The COVID-19 pandemic: an opportunity to make mental health a higher public health priority
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Depression and anxiety among migrants in Austria: A population based study of prevalence and utilization of health care services
Kerkenaar, M. M. E., Maier, M., Kutalek, R., Lagro-Janssen, A. L. M., Ristl, R., & Pichlhöfer, O. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.081 · Cited by 28
“In line with the proposal to combine anxiety and depression in the ICD11-PHC into one category, called ‘dysphoric disorders’, and because large comorbidity exists between both disorders, we combined both outcomes into one outcome variable ‘dysphoric disorders’ (Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005; Kessler et al., 2005; Goldberg…”
BackgroundInfluential
Participation of dihydrostyryl-2-pyrones and styryl-2-pyrones in the central effects of Polygala sabulosa (Polygalaceae), a folk medicine topical anesthetic
Duarte, F. S., Duzzioni, M., Mendes, B. G., Pizzolatti, M. G., & de Lima, T. C. M. (2007) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.12.019 · Cited by 28
Effects of the cortisol stress response on the psychotherapy outcome of panic disorder patients
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“…estimated that every year 38.2% of the population suffers from a mental disorder (Wittchen et al., 2011), but only 25.7% of these people report consultations with professional health care services, and even fewer receive mental health care through psychological treatment (Wittchen & Jacobi, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
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Fuchshuber, J., Hiebler‐Ragger, M., Kresse, A. E., Kapfhammer, H., & Unterrainer, . (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00318 · Cited by 30
“Furthermore, epidemiological studies show that a surprisingly high proportion of one third of the population in a community sample can be expected to be diagnosed with a mental disorder (76), which is close to the 37.”
Background
Psychosocial working conditions and depressive disorder: disentangling effects of job control from socioeconomic status using a life-course approach
Svane-Petersen, A. C., Holm, A., Burr, H., Framke, E., Melchior, M., Rod, N. H., Sivertsen, B., Stansfeld, S. A., Sørensen, J. K., Virtanen, M., et al. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01769-9 · Cited by 30
“Many depressive episodes remain untreated [84] or treated solely in primary care [85], and a recent study found, that individuals in higher levels of SES are more likely to receive treatment by a GP or a psychologist [86].”
Background
Sleep apnoea, anxiety, depression and somatoform pain: a community-based high-risk sample
Hrubos‐Strøm, H., Einvik, G., Nordhus, I. H., Randby, A., Pallesen, S., Moum, T., Omland, T., & Dammen, T. (2012) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00111411 · Cited by 28
Improving the detection and management of anxiety disorders in primary care
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Cognitive Behavior Therapy Targeting Intolerance of Uncertainty Versus Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
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The association of plant-based dietary patterns and psychological disorders among Iranian adults
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The Association between Age and Depressive Symptoms among Older Men and Women in Europe. Findings from SHARE
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Low depressive symptoms in acute spinal cord injury compared to other neurological disorders
Hassanpour, K., Boendermaker, S. H., Dokladal, P., & Curt, A. E. P. (2011) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6316-2 · Cited by 27
“revealed by a meta-analysis [39].”

Authors: Wittchen, H.-U., & Jacobi, F.
Affiliations: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
ORCID: Jacobi, Frank
Venue: European Neuropsychopharmacology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-08
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 357-376
ISSN: 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.012
OpenAlex: W2107900025
Cited by: 1,503
References: 140
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 110 · 2012: 121
FWCI: 96.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
tud.qucosa.de
Licence: other-oa
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Medical Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
Keywords: mental illness, prevalence, disability burden, treatment utilization, unmet needs, comorbidities, anxiety disorders, depression, somatoform disorders, substance dependence, lost workdays, European Union, cross-national comparison, adolescent mental health, older adults
MeSH terms: Absenteeism, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Mental Disorders, Disability Evaluation, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Residence Characteristics, Review Literature as Topic, Sex Factors, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Quality-Adjusted Life Years

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Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe—a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies

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