Cited by 1,503Mental Health Treatment and AccessHealth and Medical StudiesPsychiatric care and mental health services

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 136 of the 140 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe—a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies

Open access

Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Jacobi, Frank·2005·European Neuropsychopharmacology

DOI 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.012

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Epidemiological data on a wide range of mental disorders from community studies conducted in European countries are presented to determine the availability and consistency of prevalence, disability and treatment findings for the EU. Using a stepwise multimethod approach, 27 eligible studies with quite variable designs and methods including over 150,000 subjects from 16 European countries were identified. Prevalence: On the basis of meta-analytic techniques as well as on reanalyses of selected data sets, it is estimated that about 27% (equals 82.7 million; 95% CI: 78.5-87.1) of the adult EU population, 18-65 of age, is or has been affected by at least one mental disorder in the past 12 months. Taking into account the considerable degree of comorbidity (about one third had more than one disorder), the most frequent disorders are anxiety disorders, depressive, somatoform and substance dependence disorders. When taking into account design, sampling and other methodological differences between studies, little evidence seems to exist for considerable cultural or country variation. Disability and treatment: despite very divergent and fairly crude assessment strategies, the available data consistently demonstrate (a) an association of all mental disorders with a considerable disability burden in terms of number of work days lost (WLD) and (b) generally low utilization and treatment rates. Only 26% of all cases had any consultation with professional health care services, a finding suggesting a considerable degree of unmet need. The paper highlights considerable future research needs for coordinated EU studies across all disorders and age groups. As prevalence estimates could not simply be equated with defined treatment needs, such studies should determine the degree of met and unmet needs for services by taking into account severity, disability and comorbidity. These needs are most pronounced for the new EU member states as well as more generally for adolescent and older populations.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.012

Cites

136 of 136 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Untitled work
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: Construction of Scales and Preliminary Tests of Reliability and Validity
WARE, J. E., KOSINSKI, M., & KELLER, S. D. (1996) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 · Cited by 17,392 · cited 1×
“The only available cross-national and directly comparative data in this respect come from the ESEMeD study revealing that health-related quality of life (mental health score of the SF12, Ware et al., 1996) was reduced by approximately 1.0 standard deviation units in most mental disorders.”
ResultInfluential
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603
Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370 · cited 3×
“Consistent with the international situation and other inquiries (e.g. Kessler et al., 1994; Fryers et al., 2004), almost no community studies with established explicit diagnostic criteria were identified with regard to other mental disorders such as sleep disorders, impulse control disorders,…”
BackgroundResult
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,419
The mini international neuropsychiatric interview
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Hergueta, T., & Weiller, E. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80239-9 · Cited by 5,899
A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire
Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700021644 · Cited by 5,639 · cited 1×
“We did not include studies assessing psychopathology and mental health exclusively by means of questionnaires or screening instruments (e.g. GHQ, Goldberg and Hillier, 1979; CIDI-SF, Kessler et al., 1998; MHI-5, Berwick et al., 1991).”
Method

Show all 140 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Andrade, 2000, Cross-national comparisons of the prevalences and correlates of mental disorders, B. World Health Organ., 78, 413
Jacobi, 2004, Psychische Störungen in der Allgemeinbevölkerung: Inanspruchnahme von Gesundheitsleistungen und Ausfalltage, Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundh. Forsch. Gesundh.Schutz, 47, 736
Meyer, 2001, Prevalence of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders including nicotine dependence in the general population: results from the northern german TACOS study, Neurol. Psychiatr. Br., 9, 75
Szadoczky, 2000, A hangulat- es szorongasos zavarok elöfordulasa a felnott magyar lakossag köreben, Orv. Hetil., 141, 17
The WHO World Mental Health Survey Consortium, 2004, Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 291, 2581, 10.1001/jama.291.21.2581 · DOI · Paper page
Wittchen, 2003, Depression—an underdiagnosed disease, Medicographia, 25, 9

Sorted by citations

Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults
Kleinstäuber, M., Witthöft, M., Steffanowski, A., van Marwijk, H., Hiller, W., & Lambert, M. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010628.pub2 · Cited by 11,369
The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010
Wittchen, H. U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., Olesen, J., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Faravelli, C., et al. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018 · Cited by 3,754
“…conducted by the coordinating center with a restricted set of mental health disorders reported in Table 1, to estimate comorbidity rates, treatment rates, age and gender effects by diagnoses, and to provide an overall estimate of having any disorder (for details, see Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies
Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Rüsch, N., Brown, J. S. L., & Thornicroft, G. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000129 · Cited by 3,152
The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980–2013
Steel, Z., Marnane, C., Iranpour, C., Chey, T., Jackson, J. W., Patel, V., & Silove, D. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu038 · Cited by 2,846
Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States
Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. (2012) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1359 · Cited by 2,947
Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century
Bandelow, B., & Michaelis, S. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.3/bbandelow · Cited by 2,079
The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., Üstün, T. B., & Wang, P. S. (2009) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00001421 · Cited by 1,895
Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010
Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jacobi, F., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Beghi, E., Dodel, R., Ekman, M., Faravelli, C., Fratiglioni, L., et al. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.08.008 · Cited by 1,723
“In 2005, the European Brain Council published the results of a comprehensive study estimating the cost of disorders of the brain in Europe in 2004 (Andlin-Sobocki et al., 2005; Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005), below called the EBC2005 study.”
Self-citation
Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Dennis, C., Falah‐Hassani, K., & Shiri, R. (2017) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.187179 · Cited by 1,692
“64,65 In interpreting the results, it is important to note that the majority of studies assessed anxiety using self-report instruments that measured anxiety symptoms rather than gold-standard diagnostic clinical interviews for various anxiety disorders.”
Background
A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder
Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium, Ripke, S., Wray, N. R., Lewis, C. M., Hamilton, S. P., Weissman, M. M., Breen, G., Byrne, E. M., Blackwood, D. H. R., Boomsma, D. I., et al. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.21 · Cited by 1,120
Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review
Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015) · BMC International Health and Human Rights · doi:10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9 · Cited by 1,166
“For example, compared with the general Western adult population [74–76], the review findings of higher quality studies indicate that refugees may be roughly up to 14 times more likely to have depression and 15 times more likely to have PTSD.”
Result
Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe
Andlin‐Sobocki, P., Jönsson, B., Wïttchen, H., & Olesen, J. (2005) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.01202.x · Cited by 1,154
Prevalence, treatment, and associated disability of mental disorders in four provinces in China during 2001–05: an epidemiological survey
Phillips, M. R., Zhang, J., Shi, Q., Song, Z., Ding, Z., Pang, S., Li, X., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60660-7 · Cited by 1,063
Risk factors for eating disorders.
Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Bulik, C. M. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.181 · Cited by 999
World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders – First Revision
Bandelow, B., Zohar, J., Hollander, E., Kasper, S., Möller, H., & WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guide (2008) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970802465807 · Cited by 887
Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis
Kvam, S., Kleppe, C. L., Nordhus, I. H., & Hovland, A. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.063 · Cited by 837
Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action
(2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61242-2 · Cited by 835
Psychische Störungen in der Allgemeinbevölkerung: Studie zur Gesundheit Erwachsener in Deutschland und ihr Zusatzmodul Psychische Gesundheit (DEGS1-MH)
Jacobi, F., Höfler, M., Strehle, J., Mack, S., Gerschler, A., Scholl, L., Busch, M. A., Maske, U., Hapke, U., Gaebel, W., et al. (2014) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-013-3961-y · Cited by 750
Self-citation
Size of burden of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders
Wulf Rössler, A., Salize, H. J., van Os, J., & Riecher‐Rössler, A. (2005) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.009 · Cited by 776
Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology
Baldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Allgulander, C., Bandelow, B., den Boer, J. A., Christmas, D. M., Davies, S., Fineberg, N., Lidbetter, N., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114525674 · Cited by 676
“High levels of co-morbidity are seen between the anxiety disorders, and with major depression [I] (Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005), bipolar disorder [II] (Gaudiano and Miller, 2005; Henry et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta-analysis
Opriş, D., Pintea, S., García-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Szamosközi, Ş., & David, D. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20910 · Cited by 636
“[42] Choy et al.”
Prevalence and clinical course of depression: a review
Richards, D. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.004 · Cited by 623
“A similar level of comorbid anxiety with major depression is also found in nonclinical samples (Wittchen & Jacobi, 2005).”
Background
Incidence of Social Anxiety Disorder and the Consistent Risk for Secondary Depression in the First Three Decades of Life
Beesdo, K., Bittner, A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.903 · Cited by 731
Prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease in Europe
von Campenhausen, S., Bornschein, B., Wick, R., Bötzel, K., Sampaio, C., Poewe, W. H., Oertel, W. H., Siebert, U., Berger, K., & Dodel, R. C. (2005) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.007 · Cited by 624
Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology
Baldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Bandelow, B., Bond, A., Davidson, J. R. T., den Boer, J. A., Fineberg, N. A., Knapp, M., Scott, J., et al. (2005) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881105059253 · Cited by 617
Unemployment and Substance Use: A Review of the Literature (1990-2010)
Henkel, D. (2011) · Current Drug Abuse Reviewse · doi:10.2174/1874473711104010004 · Cited by 590
“We need to consider the influence of the diverse sociodemographic structure of the aggregate unemployment in different countries, the occurrence and frequency of long-term unemployment, the general prevalence rates for substance use disorders in the population [57], the potential accessibility of illicit drugs and pre…”
Background
Twelve-month prevalence, comorbidity and correlates of mental disorders in Germany: the mental health module of the German health Interview and examination survey for adults (DEGS1-MH)
Jacobi, F., Höfler, M., Siegert, J., Mack, S., Gerschler, A., Scholl, L., Busch, M. A., Hapke, U., Maske, U., Seiffert, I., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1439 · Cited by 586
Self-citation
Comparative Efficacy of Seven Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Patients with Depression: A Network Meta-Analysis
Barth, J., Munder, T., Gerger, H., Nüesch, E., Trelle, S., Znoj, H., Jüni, P., & Cuijpers, P. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001454 · Cited by 569
“Depressive disorders can lower the ability to function in work and daily life [4].”
Background
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management
Claahsen - van der Grinten, H. L., Speiser, P. W., Ahmed, S. F., Arlt, W., Auchus, R. J., Falhammar, H., Flück, C. E., Guasti, L., Huebner, A., Kortmann, B. B. M., et al. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab016 · Cited by 556
Meta-analysis of serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) association with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor efficacy in depressed patients
Serretti, A., Kato, M., De Ronchi, D., & Kinoshita, T. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001926 · Cited by 529
Oxidative Stress and Anxiety: Relationship and Cellular Pathways
Bouayed, J., Rammal, H., & Soulimani, R. (2009) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.4161/oxim.2.2.7944 · Cited by 517
Mental health and alcohol, drugs and tobacco: a review of the comorbidity between mental disorders and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs
Jané‐Llopis, E., & MATYTSINA, I. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230600944461 · Cited by 496
The role of socio-economic status in depression: results from the COURAGE (aging survey in Europe)
Freeman, A., Tyrovolas, S., Koyanagi, A., Chatterji, S., Leonardi, M., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., Tobiasz‐Adamczyk, B., Koskinen, S. V. P., Rummel‐Kluge, C., & Haro, J. M. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3638-0 · Cited by 494
“The prevalence of depression varies considerably both within and between countries across Europe [3, 4], which may be a reflection of the role of contextual factors, such as economic, demographic and environmental factors on the development and prevalence of depression [5–9].”
Background
Erratum zu: Psychische Störungen in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Studie zur Gesundheit Erwachsener in Deutschland und ihr Zusatzmodul „Psychische Gesundheit“ (DEGS1-MH)
Jacobi, F., Höfler, M., Strehle, J., Mack, S., Gerschler, A., Scholl, L., Busch, M. A., Maske, U., Hapke, U., Gäebel, W., et al. (2015) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-015-4458-7 · Cited by 491
Self-citation
Stigma and discrimination limit access to mental health care
Thornicroft, G. (2008) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00002621 · Cited by 432
A major role for common genetic variation in anxiety disorders
Purves, K. L., Coleman, J. R. I., Meier, S. M., Rayner, C., Davis, K. A. S., Cheesman, R., Bækvad‐Hansen, M., Børglum, A. D., Cho, S. W., Deckert, J., et al. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0559-1 · Cited by 436
Prevalence and Characteristics of Undiagnosed Bipolar Disorders in Patients With a Major Depressive Episode
Angst, J. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.87 · Cited by 414
“M AJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORders (MDDs) are considered to be the most frequentlyencountered formofmental illness.(1) The Global Burden of Disease study(2) identified depression as having the third greatest impact intermsofdisability-adjustedlifeyears in Europe and the greatest impact of allphysicalandmentaldiseasesintheAme…”
Background
Untitled work
(2017) · doi:10.1017/s003329171600355x · Cited by 467
Effort-reward imbalance at work and risk of depressive disorders. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Rugulies, R., Aust, B., & Madsen, I. E. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3632 · Cited by 372
“Purchase of antidepressants might not yield results that are comparable to symptoms-based measurements because a substantial proportion of individuals with depression are not treated with antidepressants (4, 48) and antidepressants are also prescribed for other disorders, such as anxiety, sleep disorders, or neuropath…”
Influential
Mental health, health care utilisation of migrants in Europe
Lindert, J., Schouler-Ocak, M., Heinz, A., & Priebe, S. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(08)70057-9 · Cited by 373
Size and burden of social phobia in Europe
Fehm, L., Pélissolo, A., Furmark, T., & Wïttchen, H. (2005) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.002 · Cited by 413
Prevalence and burden of bipolar disorders in European countries
Pini, S., de Queiroz, V., Pagnin, D., Pezawas, L., Angst, J., Cassano, G. B., & Wïttchen, H. (2005) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.011 · Cited by 375
Bipolar Disorder and Violent Crime
Fazel, S., Lichtenstein, P., Grann, M., Goodwin, G. M., & Långström, N. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.97 · Cited by 363
Development and psychometric properties the Barriers to Access to Care Evaluation scale (BACE) related to people with mental ill health
Clement, S., Brohan, E., Jeffery, D., Henderson, C., Hatch, S. L., & Thornicroft, G. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-36 · Cited by 314
“In Europe 27% of people experience mental illness (all disorders) each year, but 74% receive no treatment [2].”
Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Fineberg, N. A., Brown, A., Reghunandanan, S., & Pampaloni, I. (2012) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145711001829 · Cited by 336
Distinct subcortical volume alterations in pediatric and adult OCD: a worldwide meta- and mega-analysis
Boedhoe, P. S. W., Schmaal, L., Abe, Y., Ameis, S. H., Arnold, P. D., Batistuzzo, M. C., Benedetti, F., Beucke, J. C., Bollettini, I., Bose, A., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020201 · Cited by 335
“Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 1%–3% of the population (1, 2).”
Prevalence of dental fear and phobia relative to other fear and phobia subtypes
Oosterink, F. M. D., de Jongh, A., & Hoogstraten, J. (2009) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00602.x · Cited by 322
Prevalence and comorbidity of common mental disorders in primary care
Roca, M., Gili, M., Garcia-Garcia, M., Salva, J., Vives, M., Garcia Campayo, J., & Comas, A. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.03.014 · Cited by 311
Determinants of anxiety in elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Rice, S., Gwyther, K., Santesteban‐Echarri, O., Baron, D. A., Gorczynski, P. F., Gouttebarge, V., Reardon, C. L., Hitchcock, M., Hainline, B. W., & Purcell, R. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-100620 · Cited by 365
Mental Health Literacy, Attitudes to Help Seeking, and Perceived Need as Predictors of Mental Health Service Use: A Longitudinal Study
Bonabi, H., Müller, M., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Eisele, J., Rodgers, S., Seifritz, E., Rössler, W., & Rüsch, N. (2016) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000488 · Cited by 308
“In Europe, approximately 1 in 4 individualswithmental disorders receives appropriate treatment (Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005); in low- and middle-income countries, the number is even smaller (Wang et al., 2007).”
Background
Anxiety Disorders: Sex Differences in Prevalence, Degree, and Background, But Gender-Neutral Treatment
Bekker, M. H. J., & van Mens-Verhulst, J. (2007) · Gender Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1550-8579(07)80057-x · Cited by 362
Generalised anxiety disorder
Tyrer, P., & Baldwin, D. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69865-6 · Cited by 404
Increasing the acceptance of internet-based mental health interventions in primary care patients with depressive symptoms. A randomized controlled trial
Ebert, D. D., Berking, M., Cuijpers, P., Lehr, D., Pörtner, M., & Baumeister, H. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.056 · Cited by 268
Self‐reported utilization of mental health services in the adult German population – evidence for unmet needs? Results of the DEGS1‐Mental Health Module (DEGS1‐MH)
Mack, S., Jacobi, F., Gerschler, A., Strehle, J., Höfler, M., Busch, M. A., Maske, U. E., Hapke, U., Seiffert, I., Gaebel, W., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1438 · Cited by 284
Self-citation
Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders
Kessler, R. C., Ruscio, A. M., Shear, K., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2009) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2009_9 · Cited by 496
Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in South Africa
Stein, D. J., Seedat, S., HERMAN, A. A. B., Moomal, H., Heeringa, S. G., Kessler, R. C., & Williams, D. R. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.029280 · Cited by 287
Most people with mental illness are not treated
Thornicroft, G. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61392-0 · Cited by 285
The prevalence of mental disorders among homeless people in high-income countries: An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis
Gutwinski, S., Schreiter, S., Deutscher, K., & Fazel, S. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003750 · Cited by 347
The epidemiology of alcohol use disorders cross-nationally: findings from the World Mental Health Surveys
Glantz, M. D., Bharat, C., Degenhardt, L., Sampson, N. A., Scott, K. M., Lim, C. C. W., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Cardoso, G., et al. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106128 · Cited by 272
Insomnia and hypersomnia in major depressive episode: Prevalence, sociodemographic characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity in a population-based study
Geoffroy, P. A., Hoertel, N., Étain, B., Bellivier, F., Delorme, R., Limosin, F., & Peyre, H. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.032 · Cited by 284
“Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated with considerable functional and social impairment (Ustün et al., 2004; Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005) and considered as being the most prevalent psychiatric disorder (Waraich et al., 2004).”
Background
Size and burden of depressive disorders in Europe
Paykel, E. S., Brugha, T. S., & Fryers, T. (2005) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.008 · Cited by 272
Somatization in the population: from mild bodily misperceptions to disabling symptoms
Hiller, W., Rief, W., & Brähler, E. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0082-y · Cited by 261
Anxiety: There is an app for that. A systematic review of anxiety apps: SUCALA et al.
Sucala, M., Cuijpers, P., Muench, F., Cardoș, R., Soflau, R., Dobrean, A., Achimas-Cadariu, P., & David, D. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22654 · Cited by 232
“Although numerous effective treatments have been developed, only a minority of individuals suffering from anxiety disorders have access to these treatments (Alonso et al., 2004b; Collins, Westra, Dozois, & Burns, 2004; Weis-berg,Dyck,Culpepper,&Keller,2007;Wittchen&Jacobi,2005;Young, Klap, Shoai, & Wells, 2008).”
Background
The Beck Depression Inventory and General Health Questionnaire as measures of depression in the general population: A validation study using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview as the gold standard
Aalto, A., Elovainio, M. J., Mika Kivimaki, B., Uutela, A. K., & Pirkola, S. P. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.09.008 · Cited by 275
“The prevalence of depression and other psychiatric disorders was comparable to results from other European countries (Pirkola et al., 2005; Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005).”
Result
Frequency of dementia, depression, and other neuropsychiatric symptoms in 1,449 outpatients with Parkinson's disease
Riedel, O., Klotsche, J., Spottke, A., Deuschl, G., Förstl, H., Henn, F., Heuser, I., Oertel, W., Reichmann, H., Riederer, P., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-010-5465-z · Cited by 256
“Similarly, the estimated frequency of depression in our study was twice as high as reported in a review by Wittchen and Jacobi [38] in the European general population and still substantially higher than among people aged C65 years [35], though the prevalence rates are usually more heterogenous in this age-group.”
Result
Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: results from the World Mental Health Surveys
Alonso, J., Burón, A., Bruffaerts, R., He, Y., Posada-Villa, J., Lépine, J. P., Angermeyer, M. C., Levinson, D., de Girolamo, G., Tachimori, H., et al. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01241.x · Cited by 244
The epidemiology of panic disorder and agoraphobia in Europe
Goodwin, R. D., Faravelli, C., Rosi, S., Cosci, F., Truglia, E., de Graaf, R., & Wïttchen, H. (2005) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.006 · Cited by 255
Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders
Sartori, S. B., & Singewald, N. (2019) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107402 · Cited by 236
Anxiety disorders before birth and self-perceived distress during pregnancy: Associations with maternal depression and obstetric, neonatal and early childhood outcomes
Martini, J., Knappe, S., Beesdo-Baum, K., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2010) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.04.004 · Cited by 236
“During fertile age, DSM-IV anxiety disorders arewidespread (12-month prevalence inwomen aged 18–34: 17%, CI: 14%–20%) [14].”
Background
Evidence-based psychological treatments for mental disorders: modifiable barriers to access and possible solutions
Harvey, A. G., & Gumport, N. B. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.02.004 · Cited by 221
“In the analysis of 16 European countries, only 26% of all cases had any consultation with professional health care services (Wittchen & Jacobi, 2005).”
Background
Internet- and mobile-based interventions for anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic review of intervention components
Domhardt, M., Geßlein, H., von Rezori, R. E., & Baumeister, H. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22860 · Cited by 218
Prevalence of dementia in the elderly in Europe
Berr, C., Wancata, J., & Ritchie, K. A. (2005) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.003 · Cited by 241
Mental Disorders Following War in the Balkans
Priebe, S., Bogić, M., Ajduković, D., Frančišković, T., Galeazzi, G. M., Kučukalić, A., Lečić‐Toševski, D., Nexhmedin Morina, B., Popovski, M., Wang, D., et al. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.37 · Cited by 249
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: evaluating current evidence and informing future research
Coelho, H. F., Canter, P. H., & Ernst, E. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.6.1000 · Cited by 227
Revealing Real-Time Emotional Responses: a Personalized Assessment based on Heartbeat Dynamics
Valenza, G., Citi, L., Lanatà, A., Scilingo, E. P., & Barbieri, R. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep04998 · Cited by 234
Escitalopram Therapy for Major Depression and Anxiety Disorders
Baldwin, D. S., Reines, E. H., Guiton, C., & Weiller, E. (2007) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1k089 · Cited by 228
Culture and the anxiety disorders: recommendations for DSM-V
Lewis‐Fernández, R., Hinton, D. E., Laria, A. J., Patterson, E. H., Hofmann, S. G., Craske, M. G., Stein, D. J., Asnaani, A., & Liao, B. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20647 · Cited by 240
“2%, more similar to US surveys.([7]) In one study, not a single Mapuche Indian met lifetime DSM-III-R PD criteria, despite the fact that 1.”
Influential
The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder in Europe
Lieb, R., Becker, E. S., & Altamura, C. A. (2005) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.010 · Cited by 247
The epidemiology of multiple somatic symptoms
Creed, F. H., Davies, I., Jackson, J., Littlewood, A., Chew-Graham, C. A., Tomenson, B., Macfarlane, G. J., BARSKY, A. J., Katon, W. J., & McBeth, J. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.01.009 · Cited by 234
Reducing the Societal Burden of Depression: A Review of Economic Costs, Quality of Care and Effects of Treatment
Donohue, J. M., & Pincus, H. A. (2007) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-200725010-00003 · Cited by 214
Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms as Risk Factors for Temporomandibular Joint Pain: A Prospective Cohort Study in the General Population
Kindler, S., Samietz, S., Houshmand, M., Grabe, H. J., Bernhardt, O., Biffar, R., Kocher, T., Meyer, G. F., Völzke, H., Metelmann, H., et al. (2012) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.09.004 · Cited by 212
The size, burden and cost of disorders of the brain in the UK
Fineberg, N. A., Haddad, P. M., Carpenter, L., Gannon, B., Sharpe, R., Young, A. H., Joyce, E. M., Rowe, J. B., Wellsted, D. M., Nutt, D., et al. (2013) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881113495118 · Cited by 232
“Mental and neurological illness data derived from 30 European countries, including the UK, were used to calculate and estimate the patterns and costs of treatment and the health economic implications in terms of total direct and indirect costs for EU nations (Andlin-Sobocki et al., 2005; Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A pilot study of aerobic exercise as an adjunctive treatment for drug dependence
Brown, R. A., Abrantes, A. M., Read, J. P., Marcus, B. H., Jakicic, J. M., Strong, D. R., Oakley, J. R., Ramsey, S. E., Kahler, C. W., Stuart, G. L., et al. (2010) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2010.03.001 · Cited by 213
“Epidemiological data from 27 community studies in European countries reveal a 12-month prevalence rate for any substance dependence of 3.4% of the adult population (Wittchen & Jacobi, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Relevance of Stress and Female Sex Hormones for Emotion and Cognition
ter Horst, J. P., de Kloet, E. R., Schächinger, H., & Oitzl, M. S. (2011) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-011-9774-2 · Cited by 227
“Epidemiological studies revealed that mood disorders are at least twice as common in women as in men (Kessler 2003; Lewinsohn et al. 1998; Steiner et al. 2003; Wittchen and Jacobi 2005).”
Background
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Veale, D. M., & Roberts, A. C. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g2183 · Cited by 233
Animal models for depression and the mismatch hypothesis of disease
Schmidt, M. V. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.001 · Cited by 204
“4 million people in Europe suffer from depression, which has a life time prevalence of up to 20% (Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005).”
Background
Untitled work
(2012) · doi:10.1787/9789264124523-en · Cited by 490
PEER VICTIMIZATION DURING ADOLESCENCE AND RISK FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS IN ADULTHOOD: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Stapinski, L. A., Bowes, L., Dieter Wolke, C., Pearson, R. M., Mahedy, L., Button, K. S., Lewis, G., & Araya, R. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22270 · Cited by 202
“[2,3] Early preventative interventions have the potential to greatly reduce the burden of these disorders at the societal level and alleviate suffering at the individual level.”
Background
The effects of shift work on physical and mental health
Vogel, M., Braungardt, T., Meyer, W. T., & Schneider, W. (2012) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-012-0800-4 · Cited by 217
“Over the last decades, the prevalence of psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders has continuously risen (Wittchen and Jacobi 2005).”
Background
Prevalence of mental disorders based on general population surveys
Baumeister, H., & Härter, M. C. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0204-1 · Cited by 210
Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder in Mainland China: A Systematic Review
Gu, L., Xie, J., Long, J., Chen, Q., Chen, Q., Pan, R., Yan, Y., Wu, G., Liang, B., Tan, J., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065356 · Cited by 199
Is atopic disease a risk factor for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder? A systematic review
Schmitt, J. M., Buske-Kirschbaum, A., & Roessner, V. (2010) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02449.x · Cited by 194
The Cost of Brain Diseases: A Burden or a Challenge?
Luca, M. D., & Olesen, J. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.044 · Cited by 189
The erring brain: Error‐related negativity as an endophenotype for OCD—A review and meta‐analysis
Riesel, A. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13348 · Cited by 170
Information Availability for Measuring and Comparing Quality of Mental Health Care Across OECD Countries
García-Armesto, S., Medeiros, H., & Wei, L. (2008) · OECD health technical papers · doi:10.1787/237827772222 · Cited by 182
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Heyman, I. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7565.424 · Cited by 187
Chronic stress and obesity in adolescents: Scientific evidence and methodological issues for epidemiological research
Vriendt, T. D., Moreno, L. A., & Henauw, S. D. (2009) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.02.009 · Cited by 185
Early life stress paradigms in rodents: potential animal models of depression?
Schmidt, M. V., Wang, X., & Meijer, O. C. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2096-0 · Cited by 179
“Life time prevalence of depression was reported to range between 15% and 20%, with a twice-ashigh risk for women than for men (Kendler et al. 2002; Wittchen and Jacobi 2005).”
Background
Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: Results from the national epidemiologic sample on alcohol and related conditions
Xu, Y., Schneier, F. R., Heimberg, R. G., Princisvalle, K., Liebowitz, M. R., Wang, S., & Blanco, C. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.006 · Cited by 190
The association of air pollution and depressed mood in 70,928 individuals from four European cohorts
Zijlema, W. L., Wolf, K., Emeny, R. T., Ladwig, K., Peters, A., Kongsgård, H. W., Hveem, K., Kvaløy, K., Yli‐Tuomi, T., Partonen, T., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.11.006 · Cited by 172

Authors: Wittchen, H.-U., & Jacobi, F.
Affiliations: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
ORCID: Jacobi, Frank
Venue: European Neuropsychopharmacology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-08
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 357-376
ISSN: 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.012
OpenAlex: W2107900025
Cited by: 1,503
References: 140
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 110 · 2012: 121
FWCI: 96.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
tud.qucosa.de
Licence: other-oa
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Medical Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
Keywords: mental illness, prevalence, disability burden, treatment utilization, unmet needs, comorbidities, anxiety disorders, depression, somatoform disorders, substance dependence, lost workdays, European Union, cross-national comparison, adolescent mental health, older adults
MeSH terms: Absenteeism, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Mental Disorders, Disability Evaluation, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Residence Characteristics, Review Literature as Topic, Sex Factors, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Quality-Adjusted Life Years

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe—a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks