Cited by 127Tryptophan and brain disordersStress Responses and CortisolAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

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The association between anxiety and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels: Results from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

Liukkonen, T., Räsänen, P., Jokelainen, J., Leinonen, M., Järvelin, M.-R., Meyer-Rochow, V.B., Timonen, M.·2011·European Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.02.001

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Anxiety frequently accompanies low-grade inflammation-associated conditions like depression, insulin resistance, coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome. The association between anxiety and low-grade inflammation is, unlike between depression and low-grade inflammation, a very sparsely studied area in general populations. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether anxiety symptoms as well as comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms are associated with low-grade inflammation at population level. METHODS: The general population-based Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort was followed until age 31 (n=2688 males and 2837 females), when the highly sensitive CRP concentrations were measured. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were defined by Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25). RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, logistic regression analyses showed that anxiety symptoms alone increased the probability for elevated hs-CRP levels (>3.0mg/L) in males over two-fold (2.19 CI 95% 1.08-4.46), while comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms caused a 1.7-fold (1.76 CI 95% 1.13-2.74) increase in the probability for elevated hs-CRP levels (1.0-3.0mg/L). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that anxiety as well as comorbid anxiety and depression can be associated with an increased risk for low-grade inflammation in males at population level.

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Xu, W., Chen, B., Guo, L., Li, Z., Zhao, Y., & Zeng, H. (2015) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.22470 · Cited by 25
“According to the previous studies [Liukkonen et al., 2011; Niu et al., 2012], 3.0mg/L was used as the cutoff to divide the subjects into two groups: high hs-CRP group (hs-CRP 3.0mg/L) and normal hs-CRP group (hs-CRP <3.0mg/L).”
MethodResult
The Person’s Care Requires a Sex and Gender Approach
Campesi, I., Montella, A., Seghieri, G., & Franconi, F. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10204770 · Cited by 25
Immunocognitive Model of Depression Secondary to Anxiety in Adolescents
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High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein: Retrospective Study of Potential Blood Biomarker of Inflammation in Acute Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Obesity and Depression: A Pathophysiotoxic Relationship
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“Obese individuals who exhibit elevated levels of CRP are more likely to develop depression and anxiety [124].”
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“In both COVID-19 infection and mood disorder, such as depression and anxiety, CRP concentrations are elevated (Iglesias-Gonz ´ alez et al., 2022; Liukkonen et al., 2011; Morales-Mu ˜ noz et al., 2022).”
The Relationship Between Race, Inflammation and Psychosocial Factors Among Pregnant Women
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“study of younger adults (mean age 31), increasing anxiety was associated with higher concentrations of CRP in men, but not in women [48].”
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“There was a positive correlation between the hsCRP level and the HAD-depression score among all the patients, which is consistent with the literature [26, 27, 57].”
Result
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“Similarly, patients with depression and anxiety have upregulated CRP levels in comparison to controls [67,70,71].”
Background
Altered serum interleukin-17A and interleukin-23A levels may be associated with the pathophysiology and development of generalized anxiety disorder
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Is there any association of anxiety-depressive symptoms with vascular endothelial function or systemic inflammation?
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The incidence and risk of osteoporosis in patients with anxiety disorder
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“association between hs-CRP with anxiety (52, 53) and depression (51, 54).”
Background
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Thomas, M., Palombo, P., Schuhmacher, T., von Scheven, G., Bazylianska, V., Salzwedel, J., Schäfer, N., Bürkle, A., & Moreno‐Villanueva, M. (2018) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2018.02.001 · Cited by 16
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Sexually dimorphic organization of open field behavior following moderate prenatal alcohol exposure
Oltmanns, J. R. O., Schaeffer, E. A., Gonçalves-Garcia, M., Donaldson, T. N., Acosta, G. B., Sanchez, L. M., Davies, S., Savage, D. D., Wallace, D. G., & Clark, B. J. (2022) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14813 · Cited by 13
Childhood adversities and adult-onset asthma: a cohort study
Korkeila, J. J. A., Lietzén, R., Sillanmäki, L. H., Rautava, P. T., Korkeila, K., Mika Kivimaki, B., Koskenvuo, M. J., & Vahtera, J. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001625 · Cited by 13
“50 Also anxiety disorders have been linked to inflammation.(51) It has been suggested that stress-related elevation in clinically relevant inflammation proteins could contribute to the biological embedding of childhood stress.”
Background
Physical activity, sleep, and C-reactive protein as markers of positive health in resilient older men
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“Liukkonen et al. (2011) found in males that the probability of CRP in the highest tertile (CRP > 3.0 mg/L) increases over twofold in those with symptoms of anxiety disorder, while Pitsavos et al. (2006) reported male participants in the upper tertile of the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory…”
BackgroundInfluential
Association between skin autofluorescence of advanced glycation end products and affective disorders in the lifelines cohort study
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Adiposity, Depression Symptoms and Inflammation in Hispanic/Latino Youth: Results From HCHS/SOL Youth
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“A recent meta-analysis showed that depression and anxiety are associated with high levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein [14–19].”
Background
ТРЕВОЖНО-ДЕПРЕССИВНЫЕ РАССТРОЙСТВА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКИМ СИНДРОМОМ
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Inflammation and the Brain Disorders: A Review
Bargi, R., Salmani, H., Yazdi, F. A., & Hosseini, M. (2017) · The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam · doi:10.18869/acadpub.shefa.5.3.68 · Cited by 7
Association of anxiety and depressive symptoms with C-reactive protein in diverse Latinos: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
Guerrero, L. R., Hong, S., Tarraf, W., Perreira, K. M., Camacho, Á., Kohn, J. N., Jimenez, D. E., Talavera, G. A., Gallo, L. C., Allison, M., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289833 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, common psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic treatments for generalized anxiety and depressive disorders have shown to decrease biomarkers of inflammation [5, 7, 15, 16].”
Background
Association of short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and ozone with outpatient visits for anxiety disorders: A hospital-based case-crossover study in South China
Xu, R., Lu, L., Yuan, T., Chen, W., Wei, J., Shi, C., Wang, S., Liang, S., Li, Y., Zhong, Z., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.007 · Cited by 6
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Elevated C-Reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Correlates with Depression in Psoriasis: A Chinese Cross-Sectional Study
Tan, M., Luo, Y., Hu, J., Hu, K., Li, X., Yang, J., Chen, J., Zhu, W., & Kuang, Y. (2023) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s401934 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, limited data is available on the relation of CRP or ESR to anxiety in psoriasis.(14) Hence, investigation of the correlation between inflammation and depression and characterization of the burden of depression and anxiety using validated patient-reported measurements are urgently needed for patients with pso…”
Background
Association Between Perceived Stress and Salivary Biomarkers of Allostatic Load Among Gender Minorities in Chennai: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study
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“Previous research has shown that depressed patients have higher levels of CRP [25,26].”
Cardiolipin Antibody: A Potential Biomarker for Depression
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“reported that C-reactive protein to be associated with depression in men, but not in women [24].”
Background
Association Between Repeated Episodes of Gastroenteritis and Mental Health Problems in Childhood and Adolescence
Parent, C. I., Pokhvisneva, I., Gaudreau, H., Meaney, M. J., & Silveira, P. P. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.01.007 · Cited by 5
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Brambila‐Tapia, A. J. L., Jacquez-Castañeda, A. L., Carrillo-Delgadillo, L. A., Dávila-Flores, J. N., Macías-Espinoza, F., Santos, S. R.-D. L., & Gutiérrez-Hurtado, I. A. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13050876 · Cited by 5
“Considering the inclusion of other non-psychological variables in the multivariate regression analysis of the global sample, including the frequency of alcohol consumption, which was positively associated with hs-CRP in the global and women’s samples, is explained by the possible irritant effect that alcohol produces…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
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“Results from previous studies have indicated that anxiety is associated with increased levels of systemic inflammation, 3,6,34,35 supporting the hypothesis that symptoms of anxiety activate the sympathetic nervous and immune systems, which, in turn, stimulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory…”
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Authors: Liukkonen, T., Räsänen, P., Jokelainen, J., Leinonen, M., Järvelin, M.-R., Meyer-Rochow, V. B., & Timonen, M.
Affiliations: Savonlinna Central Hospital (FI)
University of Oulu (FI)
Oulu University Hospital (FI)
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
Imperial College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Liukkonen, T.
ORCID: Jokelainen, J.
Leinonen, M.
Järvelin, M.-R.
Timonen, M.
Venue: European Psychiatry
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2011-09
Volume: 26
Issue: 6
Pages: 363-369
ISSN: 0924-9338 (ISSN-L)
1778-3585
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.02.001
OpenAlex: W2057674272
Cited by: 127
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 1.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 3150 d)
Locations: European Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords: anxiety, C-reactive protein, low-grade inflammation, depressive symptoms, comorbid depression and anxiety, Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25, Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, sex differences, young adults
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, C-Reactive Protein, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Finland, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Comorbidity, Prevalence

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The association between anxiety and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels: Results from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

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