Elevated C-Reactive Protein Levels, Psychological Distress, and Depression in 73 131 Individuals
Abstract
CONTEXT The pathogenesis of depression is not fully understood, but studies suggest that low-grade systemic inflammation contributes to the development of depression. OBJECTIVE To test whether elevated plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with psychological distress and depression. DESIGN We performed cross-sectional and prospective analyses of CRP levels in 4 clinically relevant categories using data from 2 general population studies. SETTING The Copenhagen General Population and the Copenhagen City Heart studies. PARTICIPANTS We examined 73 131 men and women aged 20 to 100 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We ascertained psychological distress with 2 single-item self-reports and depression using self-reported antidepressant use, register-based prescription of antidepressants, and register-based hospitalization with depression. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses, increasing CRP levels were associated with increasing risk for psychological distress and depression (P = 3 × 10-8 to P = 4 × 10-105 for trend). For self-reported use of antidepressants, the odds ratio was 1.38 (95% CI, 1.23-1.55) for CRP levels of 1.01 to 3.00 mg/L, 2.02 (1.77-2.30) for 3.01 to 10.00 mg/L, and 2.70 (2.25-3.25) for greater than 10.00 mg/L compared with 0.01 to 1.00 mg/L. For prescription of antidepressants, the corresponding odds ratios were 1.08 (95% CI, 0.99-1.17), 1.47 (1.33-1.62), and 1.77 (1.52-2.05), respectively; for hospitalization with depression, 1.30 (1.01-1.67), 1.84 (1.39-2.43), and 2.27 (1.54-3.32), respectively. In prospective analyses, increasing CRP levels were also associated with increasing risk for hospitalization with depression (P = 4 × 10-8 for trend). CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of CRP are associated with increased risk for psychological distress and depression in the general population.
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About one-third of depressed patients show a low-grade inflammatory state (CRP > 3.0 mg/L).
“Indeed, about a third of all depressed patients seem to express CRP levels > 3.0 mg/L [86,119,120].”
From C-Reactive protein as a biomarker for major depressive disorder? (2022) · cites this paper as [119]
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- Authors
- Wium-Andersen, M. K., Ørsted, D. D., Nielsen, S. F., & Nordestgaard, B. G.
- Corresponding author
- Nordestgaard, Børge Grønne
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-02-01
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 176
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094845811
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 8.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- C-reactive protein, depression, psychological distress, systemic inflammation, antidepressant use, general population, depression biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, C-Reactive Protein, Cross-Sectional Studies, Denmark, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Hospitalization, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Odds Ratio, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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